Y 20 Summit EU delegate's blog -ILYEON, HWANG-
2010년 8월 30일 월요일
G20 의제 망라한 ‘Y20 코뮈니케’ 채택 [중앙일보] 2010.08.26 02:59 수정
중앙일보 주최 이틀간 열띤 토론
미래 글로벌 리더들의 축제인 ‘Y20 정상회의’가 25일 서울 코엑스에서 막을 내렸다. 국내외 대학·대학원생 110여 명으로 구성된 Y20 대표단은 이날 이틀간의 회의 결과를 담은 공동선언문(코뮈니케)을 발표하고 이를 주요 20개국(G20) 정상회의 준비위원회 사공일 위원장에게 전달했다. 사공 위원장은 “Y20 코뮈니케를 보니 G20이 다루고 있는 거의 모든 의제를 망라한 것 같아 인상적”이라며 “11월 서울에서 열리는 G20 정상회의에서 얼마나 반영되는지도 지켜봐 달라”고 말했다. 그는 “세계는 점점 상호의존적으로 바뀌고 있는 만큼 국제감각과 글로벌 시각을 갖추는 게 매우 중요하다”고 당부했다.
Y20 코뮈니케는 ▶금융 개혁 ▶강하고 지속 가능하며 균형 잡힌 성장을 위한 체제 ▶무역 ▶개발 ▶국제금융기구 개혁 등 G20의 의제를 상당 부분 커버했다. 하지만 G20과 비슷한 의제를 다루면서도 젊은이들의 시각을 담았다. 예를 들면 이들은 자유무역을 강조하면서 공정무역(fair trade)의 중요성을 함께 얘기했다.
Y20 정상회의 참가자들이 폐막식에서 인사를 하고 있다. 앞줄 왼쪽 넷째부터 이두희 국가브랜드위원회 위원, 송필호 중앙일보 사장, 사공일 G20준비위원회 위원장. [오종택 기자]
Y20 정상회의 둘째 날인 25일 오전에는 ‘인간 안보(Human Security)’라는 주제로 회의가 진행됐다. 전날에 이어 23개 팀이 참여해 열띤 토론을 이어 갔다. 회의 진행을 맡은 한국팀 노현영(21·여·고려대 정치외교학과 3학년)씨는 “어제(24일) 공식 회의를 마친 뒤에도 따로 모여 오후 11시까지 논의를 계속할 정도로 대표단의 열기가 뜨거웠다”고 전했다. 미국 대표를 맡았던 코리 다이크(30·중앙대 대학원)는 “경제용어 등이 좀 어려워 고생했지만 Y20 정상회의에 참석한 덕분에 G20 프로세스를 어느 정도 이해할 수 있는 굉장히 좋은 기회였다”고 말했다.
이날 시상식에는 G20 사공일 위원장과 국가브랜드위원회 이두희 위원, 중앙일보 송필호 사장 등이 참석했다. 23개 참가팀 중 최우수팀에 주는 ‘G20 정상회의 준비위원회 위원장상’은 유럽연합(EU)팀에 돌아갔다. 다음은 수상자 명단.
▶G20 정상회의 준비위원장상=EU 의장국팀(임푸름·권혜지·김민성·김하나·김태영)
▶국가브랜드위원회 위원장상=한국팀(노현영·김민형·조예원·이은우·손준일·마고니시아 제레미아), 남아프리카공화국팀(이성은·카마리 벤슨·조혜림·나현지·박진이)
▶중앙일보 대표상=인도팀(정혜선·허멘트 두베이·수보짓 차클라다), 인도네시아팀(김강환 등 6명), 국제통화기금(IMF)팀(은수용·윤정원 등 6명)
글=전수진·심새롬 기자
사진=오종택 기자
◆Y20 정상회의(Summit)=11월 서울에서 열리는 G20 정상회의를 미리 체험하는 젊은이들의 행사. 5~6명이 한 팀을 구성해 G20 소속 국가와 IMF 등 국제기구의 대표가 돼 G20 정상회의와 같은 방식으로 모의회의를 한다. 중앙일보가 주최하고 G20 정상회의 준비위원회와 국가브랜드위원회가 후원한다.
미래 글로벌 리더들의 축제인 ‘Y20 정상회의’가 25일 서울 코엑스에서 막을 내렸다. 국내외 대학·대학원생 110여 명으로 구성된 Y20 대표단은 이날 이틀간의 회의 결과를 담은 공동선언문(코뮈니케)을 발표하고 이를 주요 20개국(G20) 정상회의 준비위원회 사공일 위원장에게 전달했다. 사공 위원장은 “Y20 코뮈니케를 보니 G20이 다루고 있는 거의 모든 의제를 망라한 것 같아 인상적”이라며 “11월 서울에서 열리는 G20 정상회의에서 얼마나 반영되는지도 지켜봐 달라”고 말했다. 그는 “세계는 점점 상호의존적으로 바뀌고 있는 만큼 국제감각과 글로벌 시각을 갖추는 게 매우 중요하다”고 당부했다.
Y20 코뮈니케는 ▶금융 개혁 ▶강하고 지속 가능하며 균형 잡힌 성장을 위한 체제 ▶무역 ▶개발 ▶국제금융기구 개혁 등 G20의 의제를 상당 부분 커버했다. 하지만 G20과 비슷한 의제를 다루면서도 젊은이들의 시각을 담았다. 예를 들면 이들은 자유무역을 강조하면서 공정무역(fair trade)의 중요성을 함께 얘기했다.
Y20 정상회의 참가자들이 폐막식에서 인사를 하고 있다. 앞줄 왼쪽 넷째부터 이두희 국가브랜드위원회 위원, 송필호 중앙일보 사장, 사공일 G20준비위원회 위원장. [오종택 기자]
Y20 정상회의 둘째 날인 25일 오전에는 ‘인간 안보(Human Security)’라는 주제로 회의가 진행됐다. 전날에 이어 23개 팀이 참여해 열띤 토론을 이어 갔다. 회의 진행을 맡은 한국팀 노현영(21·여·고려대 정치외교학과 3학년)씨는 “어제(24일) 공식 회의를 마친 뒤에도 따로 모여 오후 11시까지 논의를 계속할 정도로 대표단의 열기가 뜨거웠다”고 전했다. 미국 대표를 맡았던 코리 다이크(30·중앙대 대학원)는 “경제용어 등이 좀 어려워 고생했지만 Y20 정상회의에 참석한 덕분에 G20 프로세스를 어느 정도 이해할 수 있는 굉장히 좋은 기회였다”고 말했다.
이날 시상식에는 G20 사공일 위원장과 국가브랜드위원회 이두희 위원, 중앙일보 송필호 사장 등이 참석했다. 23개 참가팀 중 최우수팀에 주는 ‘G20 정상회의 준비위원회 위원장상’은 유럽연합(EU)팀에 돌아갔다. 다음은 수상자 명단.
▶G20 정상회의 준비위원장상=EU 의장국팀(임푸름·권혜지·김민성·김하나·김태영)
▶국가브랜드위원회 위원장상=한국팀(노현영·김민형·조예원·이은우·손준일·마고니시아 제레미아), 남아프리카공화국팀(이성은·카마리 벤슨·조혜림·나현지·박진이)
▶중앙일보 대표상=인도팀(정혜선·허멘트 두베이·수보짓 차클라다), 인도네시아팀(김강환 등 6명), 국제통화기금(IMF)팀(은수용·윤정원 등 6명)
글=전수진·심새롬 기자
사진=오종택 기자
◆Y20 정상회의(Summit)=11월 서울에서 열리는 G20 정상회의를 미리 체험하는 젊은이들의 행사. 5~6명이 한 팀을 구성해 G20 소속 국가와 IMF 등 국제기구의 대표가 돼 G20 정상회의와 같은 방식으로 모의회의를 한다. 중앙일보가 주최하고 G20 정상회의 준비위원회와 국가브랜드위원회가 후원한다.
Y-20 Summit Seoul Summit — Leaders’ Statement August 24-25, 2010
PREAMBLE
1. We, the Leaders of the Y20, held our second meeting in Seoul on August 24, 2010 amidst the stage of recovery in the global economy to emphasize the importance of international coordination and to push forward regulations and reforms for world economic stability.
2. When we last met in June, we reviewed the agreements and progress made in the Group of twenty Ministers and Leaders Summit. As an extension, we searched the initiations and dare solutions that will bring changes to the global economy from the young perspective. Upon the necessary steps taken by G20 member nations, we further stretched out to discuss on the controversial, yet paramount topics that we believe should be promoted for the healthy stabilized global economy.
3. The process of recovery and stabilization has been faster than anticipated nearing a state of normalcy. However, full revitalization of secured economic steadiness still remains one of our greatest assignments due to the volatility in financial markets and the unstable structures of the current global economic status.
4. Today, we agreed upon major reformations of financial regulations of private financial institutions, companies and banks. Although we recognize that too much pressure may drag the current recovery stage economy fall back into double dip recession, we are also concerned of the problem of capital volatility and crisis contagion. Hence, we must achieve this dual goal of not discouraging transactions but at the same time maintaining the stabled financial conditions.
5. We committed to act together and pledge to adopt the policies needed to lay the foundation for strong, sustainable and balanced growth in the 21st century. Our framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced (SSB) growth for the global economy is to encourage well coordinated economic policies that are consistent with appropriate fiscal policies; sound regulatory policies; fair and open free trade; and international cooperation. We also believe that International Financial Institutions (IFIs), i.e. IMF and WB, should provide nations with candid, independent and end-ended surveillance and fair regulations to prevent future crisis and provide proper monitoring of countries.
6. At the same time, we highly promote healthy global growth and balanced development. We put greater emphasis on the basic necessities provided to the Least Developed Countries and ask for global cooperation to make these urgent needs available and affordable to the general public. Also, financial support or encouragement of dept relief programs should be highlighted for long-term sustainability.
7. We realize the seriousness of climate change and greater demand for green technology. Thereby, we suggest knowledge and technology transfer between and among countries.
8. Along with the actions taken for economic and development issues, we would like to propose Y-20’s unique Agenda of Human Security which has risen to an impending issue, and we have worked together for the past months, with the sincere acknowledgement that the definition of human security arises out of how to frame a feasible and coherent set of priorities for concerted action. We are determined to take the concerted actions stated below and thereby pledge the full obligation and acceptance of the following declaration.
9. In order to work within the framework to encourage sound financial and fiscal system, and to deal with the problems of development and human security issue, the international community should put collaborative effort for both recovery and balanced development. We should find more common denominator and reduce disagreements in policy making. We should, furthermore, try to see the world in a wider perspective with broader objectives. We are here to construct better future not simply to discuss on how to overcome crises, and promote well-being of global society.
* * *
Actions to be taken
Agenda on Reformation of Financial Regulations
Today, we agreed:
To set aside the discussion on implementation of Exit Strategy for the time being since this policy should consider each nation’s economic situations, what we want to achieve from this Summit is to set a general holistic framework for future crisis. Thus, we would like to put more focus on fiscal consolidation, which is further pointed out on the agenda of Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth, to overcome the current crisis.
To recognize the need to protect emerging markets that have sound economic fundamentals from external shocks, and thus call upon G20 members to agree to introduce a new system, Global Financial Safety Net, under the IMF to assist those emerging markets.
1. We believe there should be a system under IMF that assist financially to these developing countries where economic fundamentals are sound but are vulnerable from outer impacts from other countries and this system should customize regulations for different economic circumstances of the countries.
2. To distinguish Global Financial Safety Net from the original Standby Arrangement (SBA), we ask IMF for an adjustment of Flexible Credit Line (FCL). FCL is expected to be especially useful for crisis prevention purposes. FCL arrangements would be approved for countries meeting pre-set qualification criteria. FCL would be determined on a case-by-case basis. At the heart of qualification of countries is an assessment that the member (a) has very strong economic fundamentals and institutional policy frameworks; (b) is implementing-and has a sustained track record of implementing-very strong policies, and (c) remains committed to maintaining such policies in the future. We agree that GFSN should not become a blind bailing out system.
3. We would like to emphasize again that this Safety Net is offered to those countries with sound economic fundamentals. We acknowledge that GFSN should not act as an “emergency assistance” to any countries that suffer from the crisis, but as a selective assistance. We call upon IMF to focus more on enhancing their transparency credibility and accuracy in observing member nations and their annually reports. We believe it is important to prevent moral hazards when it comes to risk investors and hot money issue. To do so, we ask IMF to provide credible reports of all member nations’ economic status and general information and wishes support from WB as well.
4. Before reaching IMF as the last resort, GFSN promotes other possible measures to prevent crisis contagion; when national level of prevention fails, we welcome a regional or multilateral cooperation for currency swap, or creation of regional monetary funds. We acknowledge that when the crisis happen, it will be dealt first at national level, then regional and lastly IMF defense. However the reminder lies on the fact that IMF’s empowerment is somewhat limited to monitoring; it cannot enforce antrging on a country unless it is called upon. We here highlight the fact that not all the burden depends on IMF’s decision.
5. Agreeing upon the framework of GFSN, Lastly, we believe that adequate ratio or proper percentage of tax fixed according to a certain global standard can act as to reduce the number of risky investors or money borrowers, as well as reducing the risk financial institutions or the country itself may encounter. This is to provide a guideline to recover on their own rather than making them become totally dependent towards the international organizations, or to enhance their own responsibility.
To take measures to prevent future crisis by setting some more rules and actions and regulate banks and financial institutions from risky investments and speculations.
6. Regarding the Bank Levy issue, we agree that is again democratic value of liberalism, and also assert that it is like punishing the whole global banking industry for the mistake of some banks.
7. To follow the steps taken from Toronto meeting, we highly respect individual nation’s sovereignty regarding their economic status. We agree that governmental intervention is necessary to carry out effective and efficient implementation of the economy, but we do not enforce too much oppression on majority of banks for the mistakes done by minority of them.
8. We give our consent upon reasonably uniform Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) for banks in the international society. Reasonably uniform means having a standard according to each nation’s capacity and allows some range of fluctuation.
9. We believe it is a realistic decision to set a range of CAR. We respect that each country has a different economic status and support Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). We use the Basel capital framework to define and calculate CAR. According to the framework, the more pronounced risk profile, the higher CAR may be warranted. Specifically:
Some specialized microfinance institutions may lack investors/owners that are able to (1) respond promptly to calls for capital and (2) scrutinize management critically to protect their investments, which may inhibit maintenance and growth of the capital base.
Management and staff of microfinance institutions may be relatively inexperienced participants in the formal financial sector. At the same time, the supervisory agency may also be inexperienced at judging and controlling microfinance risks.
New – and even seasoned – microfinance organizations tend to grow faster compared to traditional banks, which puts a heavy strain on managerial resources and information and monitoring systems.
Capital may also deteriorate more quickly as a result of delinquency and loan losses in a specialized microfinance institution or limited scope cooperatives than a commercial bank. This is due to the relatively higher upfront lending costs that cannot be offset by revenue sour.
10. We also recommend transparency and stricter oversight on banks’ balance sheets.
11. We believe that “too big to fail” problem would be alleviated to a large extent if we put big banks at the end of the range. We shall put big banks with a lot of idle money be allowed to stay at the lower end of the ranges so that they can invest more. All in all, we believe that banks should feel more responsible with their behavior.
12. We concede that regarding reformation of financial institutions, the Volker Rule and Glass-Steagall (GS) Act should be tackled.
13. We believe Tobin tax can remedy the way to fight financial speculations at the first place. We owe to the fact that people who basically use currency differences as their way to get floating money are many and the Tobin tax is one of the most realistic solutions.
14. The core reasons we follow Tobin Tax follow: (a) no one wants speculations, (b) everyone wants to see investments in the long term, (c) every one also wants equal distribution, and (d) everybody wants to have more safe and predictable currency situation.
To strengthen international Monitoring Agencies
15. We recognize the importance of strengthening international community to be more responsible about addressing issues regarding each nations economic condition to prepare for potential crisis and have better understanding about the current economic situation while respecting each nations own capability of examine such issues.
16. Existence of international organizations such as but not limited to the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World trade organization to actively engage with member states to prepare a potential economic down turn resulting from negligence of the status quo.
17. Given the situation we had suffered since 2008, we believe it is crucial to have national governments agreeing to make the central banks of the countries more pro-active in dealing with oversight of the country. It was apparent for us to now that countries with active central banks withstood the crisis better. We believe making central banks more accountable would be practical and wise.
18. With central banks having the real authority over the economy of the country, we suggest a new watchdog system operated under the IMF for sufficient and effective surveillance and supervision. The watchdog should respect each nation’s autonomy to a certain extent. However, excessive freedom should be supervised under the IMF system to prevent another financial crisis of 2008. Acknowledging the fact the IMF cannot prevent crisis, IMF should be able to at least oversee current situation and trends and give advices concerning economic policies to certain nations. One way of efficiency is having IMF alert central bank thereby preventing or handling a crisis at an earlier stage.
i) IMF will monitor policy implementation by governments around the world and has been asked to beef up early warning systems, along with the financial Stability Forum.
ii) With IMF keeping its neutrality, IMF can analyze the relationships between financial markets and the real economy with its global perspective given its membership. IMF expects the global and country monitoring procedures ro work as an early warning.
iii) IMF has been watching countries how they manage and implement economic policies. We supports IMF in this regard that it should work to complement loopholes of IMF without creating new agencies to replace IMF or share the burden of IMF.
Agenda on Framework for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth, Trade Issues and Reformation of International Financial Institutions.
To specify and implement the framework that presents guidelines for sound government fiscal policies and fair, however in the long-run, free trade to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.
19. We propose a change in the transactions between banks and agencies when advising on services from private small and medium size banks. The current structure causes a certain conflict of interest or moral hazard when the Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) are enquired of a bank’s products. We feel that these services should be provided by industries in a monopolistically competitive market (allowing more differentiated firms to participate) and financed by the consumer instead of the producer (customers, rather than the bank, pay for the evaluation). Consumers will have a certain amount of choice, and firms will have incentive to produce good products and offer more services. We recognize that this conflict of interest contributed to the financial crisis; however banks should be held responsible for the ultimate decisions regarding consumer loans. Banks should never force the people to rescue themselves from the damage they’ve caused. The criteria in evaluating both public and private CRA should follow the standards that has been decided by the IMF
20. We believe the Credit Rating Agencies that monitors major banks and companies should also have certain regulative system by the public (not private) initiative. The current structure is favorable to the banks and camouflages the true picture of those institutions that originated the crisis. Therefore, we emphasize the need for a watchdog presented under the public officials such as nations’ governmental institutions to take the responsibility of the credit ratings of the large companies and banks. We do not ask IMF to give full and direct regulation and monitoring to all private sectors, however, ask IMF to provide standard and guidance for strict rule.
21. We recommend governments to create tax on real estate’s to discourage people from buying houses which are not affordable by loaning money indiscreetly from banks. We will leave the precise regulations and exact actions to individual nations according to their economic situations and levels. However, we still call for greater focus on the proper control of the house pricing to prevent future crisis generated by the collapse of the ‘real estate bubble’. The approaches can be diversified depending on each nation’s economic structures and policies.
22. The countries with severe fiscal challenges need to accelerate the pace of consolidation. Fiscal consolidation plans will be credible, clearly communicated, differentiated to national circumstances, and focused on measures to foster economic growth. Thus, need for credible, medium-term fiscal consolidation plans to gain higher confidence, while not distracting the recovery of each country, is needed. We are committed to follow the credible and “growth-friendly” medium-term fiscal adjustment plans, which may include legislation creating multi-year targets, the plans need to be alongside the reforms to pension entitlements and public health care systems.
A. In order to sustain recovery, create jobs and to achieve stronger, more sustainable and more balanced growth, G20 nations must follow through on fiscal stimulus and fiscal consolidation plans as soon as possible. Just like Mother Nature, economic crisis comes without any warning; we must be prepared with sound fiscal finances.
B. We should consider more on long term, and growth-oriented fiscal policies. These policies go beyond fiscal sustainability: it also includes issues of tax policy and development, composition of public expenditure, and sub-national finance. Especially, we would like to point out that adjustment in retirement ages are needed. Governments should increase the standard retirement ages in order to tackle the deterioration in government finances. The increase will be gradually phased in to take full effect as soon as possible. It is estimated that the increase in the retirement age coupled with an increase in the income tax on the rich will bring a reduction in the budget deficit. However, general tax increases are not on the agenda as of now. We believe that this policy will be beneficial in the long run.
C. We recognize the need to control sovereign debt and to run a fiscally solvent budget. Thus we propose that, should governments feel the need to extend economic stimulus packages, a clause pledging decreases in government spending be included. Within 10 years, it is recommended that sovereign debt be cut into half by means such as raising taxes and reforming social welfare programs that are defunct.
D. We also realize that fiscal consolidation will have major repercussions for many nations in the short run. Therefore we do not agree to any radical cutting back on public spending in the light of the Euro Zone crisis, and believe that economic contraction policies could trigger a double dip recession. We suggest a "much more calibrated" exit from the global stimulus.
23. The countries suffering from this crisis need to expand the government spending at the same time cut back on the deficit. We argue the need to share the knowledge and ideas with other countries to achieve twin goals of fiscal stimulus and economic stabilization. There are two ways to achieve dual goals. We believe each nation and IFIs observe two policies and share the knowledge about these polices for the future application by each country.
24. We firmly believe that the other nations which have a huge budget deficit should report their structural reform to the IMF and have their reform bill checked by the IFIs whether their policy is on the right track. To initiate the structural reform, we believe that nations that are under economic crisis especially those who majorly suffered from sovereign debt should annually report their economic progress, openly to other countries and financial agencies, in accordance to the reforms.
To promote fair and free trade, countries should reject protectionism and refrain from raising trade barriers that hinders free flow of commodities. Also, fair trade is the fastest way toward the friendly international integration and unification. This is a key aspect if we as a global citizen are to come across the diversity among people and create a one coordinated system of collaboration, which can be lead to all divisions in trade. Especially, when it comes to trade between developed and developing countries, there should be a certain system to balance the commodities’ value and help emerging industries in developing countries. By ‘Fair trade’ we mean fair outcome and results by trades and ‘Free trade’ refers to free chance to compete in the market.
25. In order to promote pro-development, open, and non-discriminatory trade, we would like to suggest countries to give more attention on Doha Development Agenda and once again discuss this as important agenda in the world trading system. We strongly ask all the members of WTO for a more flexible and cooperative posture in order to complete DDA, and would like to support WTO to take the lead in concluding DDA.
26. We remind global society that trade protectionism slows down national developments by hindering free flow of commodities transaction and reduces diversity for the global consumers. Trade barriers such as subsidies and high tariffs should be reduced gradually according to individual countries’ conditions and circumstances, and finally eliminate in the long-run.
27. We encourage the transfer of advanced technology and human resources from developed to developing countries and ask developed countries to share the skills and knowledge with the emerging industries of developing countries. This is another way of helping the industries and government leadership of developing countries to enhance their own comparative advantage. However this transfer should be made through the market and educational institutions, where incentives must be ensured to the senders as well as the receivers. We recommend setting up the international market to encourage the exchange of such knowledge and experience. If the industries of developed countries are not participating actively, some pertinent measure to encourage them such as the subsidy from each state may be necessary.
28. Special and differential treatment for all developing countries should further insisted.
A. “Special products” and “Special safeguard mechanism” treatment granted to developing countries
B. Flexibilities given to developing countries for them to better adapt to world trade liberalization in the form of meaningful special and differential treatment
C. “early harvest” benefits offered to developing countries
29. We call upon developed members to demonstrate “more political will and more substantive flexibilities, especially on the proposals for Agreement-specific Special & Differentiated (S&D) provisions for Least Developed Countries. For the countries that depend heavily on international export markets, we emphasize the need for an active WTO to keep foreign markets open.
30. We welcome WTO’s proposal of a new Quota Voting System as follows:
A. Participants of the negotiation table should proceed through a scan and filtering process so as to employ a fixed number of significant modalities for the agenda. However, for the efficiency of the procedure, we propose the quota voting system to be utilized in this process. And only after the modalities have been settled, the single-undertaking system will help to reach a consensus on the contents of the modalities.
B. An exact deadline must be assigned for each modality as well as the consensus of the agenda in order to bring forth the political willingness of the settlement and the flexibility to compromise in the negotiation. Yet, each nation should have enough time to have a close examination and study of the modalities and the agenda so as not to rush to add a new sector or turn down the ones already mentioned.
To take steps in reformation of International Financial Institutions majorly IMF and WB to redeem their legitimacy, fairness, and effectiveness as inter-governmental organizations. We also encourage nations to be domestically more preventive and defensive in their first management of crisis.
31. We recognize that IMF should remain quota-based organization and that distribution of quotas should reflect a country’s contribution to the Fund as well as its economy’s weight in the world economy. However, in the recent years we witness the emergence of new dynamic markets. In this regard, the quota share system should be reformed. This problem has been already addressed through 2008 IMF Quota and Voice Reform proposal. We thus call upon countries to ratify the proposal in quick and responsive manner and reform IMF’s voting quota by the upcoming Seoul Summit in November 2010.
32. We request IMF to take more flexible and appropriate policies and regulations according to individual nation’s economic circumstances and structures. IMF has the ability and credible criteria to evaluate whether a certain country is financially healthy and safe. Hence, IMF should implement policies that are more customized and localized to each nation. For customizing, IFIs need to cooperate with national governments and for localizing, share information and strategies with multilateral regional banks.
33. We also encourage more employment of citizens from emerging economies, thus addressing the issue of staff diversity within IMF organization. The completion of implementation of such reforms particularly on the governance structures of the IFIs will ensure that developing countries have sufficient representation in decision-making of policies which impact their economies. These executions should come alongside structures to reinforce accountability, strengthen the participation of the fund governors in strategic oversight in order to secure transparent and merit-based selection of IFI management. Due to their vital role in development and economic growth the G-20 may consider inviting the African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (ADB) to participate in future summits and meetings.
34. We repeat that there should be less dependence on US dollar as a world reserve currency which was continuously mentioned during the previous meetings. Nations have come to realize the importance of the issue and there are two main ideas as how to minimize the dependency on US dollar as a primary reserve: to either modify IMF’s Special Drawing Rights or to diversify holdings into a basket of currency reserves.
35. We would like to encourage each nation to establish Sustainable Economic Strategy Institutes (SESIs) and develop comprehensive economic strategies encompassing both short-term and long-term concerns. Thus, we propose that every government establish national institutes that would research into alternatives for Keynesianism.
36. We propose a well designed and viable technical assistance package to boost tax collection capacity and support efforts by developing nations to proactively track down illicit or looted funds through such frameworks as the Stolen Assets Recovery initiative (SAR). We believe that the regulation and transparency of tax havens should be greatly strengthened through measures like a multilateral tax information exchange treaty and by upgrading the UN Tax Committee. Transparency of all financial flows should include specific efforts to increase the transparency of the extractive industries and the banking sector in developing countries.
37. We also suggest strengthening cooperation among regional monetary funds in order to make governance more effective – facilitate swapping between nations within and across regions and make regional monetary funds work closely with each nation and collect voices of nations within the region.
38. We recognize the need to reform voting quota, customized policy application and governance of IMF should go under process from this moment. However, when changes are too fast, which may violate the accountability all the countries are seeking for due to destabilization of IMF itself. Therefore IMF should change the form, policies, but with the accountable stability.
Agenda on Development Issue
Greater emphasis must be put on raising public awareness about preventable diseases and hygiene through effective public health initiatives. At the same time, there must be global cooperation to make healthcare more affordable and accessible to all.
39. We recognize that solving health problems in vulnerable countries is one of the most important steps towards building a strong human infrastructure for development. In this regard, raising public awareness about various preventable diseases is important. Particular emphasis must be put on educating people at the grass root level about hygiene and the basics of healthcare. This is crucial for combating both child as well as maternal mortality.
40. We express our firm support for the global fight against HIV/AIDS. Once again, raising awareness about disease prevention and programs targeted at sexual and reproductive health are some of the key aspects of tackling this challenge. At the same time, improved treatment, care and support for people suffering from AIDS is called for.
41. To achieve the healthcare goals, particularly the ones outlined in the MDGs, a strong, efficient and transparent public health system is required. This should be based on accessible and affordable healthcare for all. Since the most vulnerable people are usually poor or live in isolated communities, it is critical to involve them in seeking the solution, through community based health programs. National healthcare policies should strive to provide adequate training to medical personnel and monitor the existing facilities for better quality of delivery.
42. We realize that one of the major stumbling blocks to providing accessible healthcare facilities are the business interests and the issue of pharmaceutical patents. However, there are a significant number of healthcare programs running in various countries across the globe that provide quality healthcare to the needy in a self sustainable manner without the requirement of external aid. We believe that with cooperation, coordination and an innovative approach, the issue of affordable accessibility can be effectively addressed.
We have to ensure that food security would be the stepping stone for effective poverty reduction, since food is the most basic human needs. Affordable accessibility of quality food products through enhancement of agricultural productivity and sustainable farming practices should be emphasized. At the same time, institutional changes aimed at rural development, efficient storage and distribution of food grains will ensure efficiency in the food supply chain. Policies aimed at preventing food price spikes and practices that distort food prices, should be handled in a globally cooperative manner.
43. We agree that the use of technology to enhance agricultural productivity is one the key requirements of solving the problem of food security and allowing nations to be self-sustainable with food production. Simultaneously, we should also focus on the efficient storage and distribution of food grains through improvement of domestic market infrastructure. This would require investment in agriculture and access to up-to-date farming technology.
44. The long term food security issues are tied with sustainable and responsible farming practices. Issues like the usage of energy and groundwater resources for agricultural purposes and their long terms effects also need to be carefully considered. Policies aimed at improved incentives for such practices, rural development, agricultural restoration and providing cover to poor people against food price shocks should be encouraged.
45. Though free trade is encouraged, we must see to it and make sure that, policies and practices that distort the global food market leading to food price inflation, is monitored and regulated in a coordinated manner. In this regard, two particular issues are that of bio-fuel subsidies and the speculative trading in food grains. They have been dealt with more specifically in the other sections of this communiqué.
46. Food security is one of the key steps towards poverty reduction, since food is a basic necessity. However, combating poverty reduction would require bringing a host of other essential services to the poor. This includes financial inclusiveness, access to education and other public services.
An internationally coordinated approach in creating early warning systems through effective risk assessment and seamless flow of information between countries is necessary. The lack of availability of disaster insurance makes poor people particularly vulnerable. Innovation is needed in this area to at least partially mitigate this. Emphasis should also be put on preparedness and rapid response mechanisms
47. We believe that there is a need to act in a coordinated manner in tackling natural disasters. To achieve this, there is a need to install mechanisms that make the seamless flow of information between countries possible. This mechanism would focus on disaster prevention, early warning systems, assessment of risk and vulnerability of the local population and an efficient rapid response mechanism.
48. In light of the mutually reinforcing nature of vulnerability to natural disasters and poverty, we realize that the lack of availability of disaster insurance to poor people is a problem that puts a lot of burden not only on these people but also on the respective government engaged in the post disaster reconstruction works. We believe that it is time to adopt a more innovative approach to address this problem. Also, there should be more transparency and accountability in the use of funds allocated for disaster relief.
Empowerment of people through access to quality education, decent jobs, free flow of information, access to essential services are some of the outcomes of effective governance. These however, at the same time, strengthen the process, reduce corruption and ensure transparency and accountability.
49. Corruption is one of the main reasons why the implementation of sound policies is hindered. We strongly believe that combating corruption should be one the pillars of good governance. This includes sound public resource management, tax administration, financial sector soundness and combating the financing of terrorist activities.
50. We recognize that access to proper and affordable education, decent jobs, adequate public services, free flow of information and raising environmental awareness are critical in achieving self sustainability of poor countries. The small and medium sized enterprises should be encouraged to function, through policies that assure financial access for them.
Effective combating of climate change involves innovation, sharing of technology, stable financing and accurate assessment of long term costs of current actions. It is important to incentivize environment friendly processes and energy efficient systems, in order to absorb the negative externalities that are imposed by the current situations. Technology transfer is likely to reduce the difference in priorities that exist between different countries for combating climate change and allow integrated approach towards meeting challenges of sustainable development.
51. There is a need for large scale and stable financing to support actions on climate change. This would require an innovative approach to seek financing with emphasis on coordination, commitment and burden sharing. One of the possible sources of this funding can be the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) which would ensure that the real costs of pollution are borne by the emitter.
52. Technology is one of the most important pillars of our fight against climate change. To bring parity in the development gap that exists between various countries, we encourage the transfer of technology that reduces this gap and moves combating climate change up the list of priorities for all countries. With proper access to technology and effective management, previously untapped resources can be exploited without any adverse effects on the environment and ensuring that the benefits are distributed uniformly across the society.
53. We encourage the expanding use of alternative sources of energy and improvement of energy efficiency of existing systems. However, it is also equally important to evaluate the long term costs that will be incurred by these forms of energy resources. We must not create new problems in our effort to solve existing ones. In this regard public-private partnerships are likely to offer interesting solutions.
To encourage the transfer of Green technologies, however, we also need to consider the payment for the intellectual property
54. Green economy should be discussed on the world level and it is a matter of timing, Therefore, we are willing to provide developing countries with technologies of which the patency is expired in an effort to help make their environment healthy
55. As the developing countries pursue economic development with new approaches amid their integration into the global economic, there is urgent and soaring demand for climate-friendly technologies. To achieve effective access and use of green technologies, the rich nations should remove barriers trade policies vis-à-vis intellectual property regulations that render procurement of these technologies unaffordable. In reference to the recent breakdown in negotiations at the United Nations climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, seeking to eliminate tariffs on green technology, there is a need for innovative approach to green technology acquisition, transmission and application so as to balance the demand among developing nations. One prospective solution to overcome the high costs of technology dissemination could involve the creation of a global exchange forum in which transnational green technology holders, green venture capitalists, and developing country entrepreneurs could broker for efficient allocation of investment, resources, and technologies. We believe that a coordinated effort among global leaders in the development and implementation of green technologies will help to build sustainably societies across the globe.
Aid must be used to build trade capacity and promote South-South trade. Public-Private partnership and oversight for both meeting commitments to provide aid and its transparent and effective utilization is necessary.
56. We realize that there is a need for renewed assessment of the debt relied mechanisms and aid for trade. It is also important to strengthen the lending framework to countries with relatively strong economic fundamentals and incentivize countries towards meeting their commitment towards providing aid. Initiatives like Multilateral Debt Relief are likely to increase fiscal space of many poor countries.
57. It is also important to focus on building and improvement of trade capacities of poor countries. This is likely to increase the so called ‘South-South’ trade and insulate the poor countries to some extent from the volatilities of the global market as well as recover from economic downturns.
Agenda on Human Security
To share ideas and views in order to solve the human security problem of the refugees suffering from natural or manmade environmental disasters and would like to bring a rather new concept of “Environmental Refugees.”
58. The Y-20’s highest priority is to appropriately and correctly consolidate the definition of “Environmental Refugees,” since 50 million Environmental Refugees are not yet recognized by world convention. We agree to the following definition of “Environmental Refugees” as the people who are permanently or temporarily displaced by the natural or manmade environmental disasters. We therefore welcome the effort to define, recognize and extend support to this new category of “Refugee.”
59. Y-20 proposes all member states to be aware of the ongoing problems, and the need to adopt resettlement plans that include following aspects:
Adequate preparation
Willingness and participation of migrant
Willingness and participation of hosted population
Adequate fund
Social integration
Education
60. We recognize the pronounced attention in refugees caused altogether from international conflicts and from climate change. Thus we further acknowledge the need to support the international organization and NGOs, especially to enumerate environment migrant/refugees, and find additional resources for their development. We thereby welcome the recognition of basic human rights in regard to subject of Environmental Refugees. We are hereby committed to bring the solutions to the following problems: the lack of NGOs that are supportive of refugees, complicated procedure on receiving refugee status.
61. The causes of environmental displacement are known to include desertification, lack of water salination of irrigated lands and the depletion of bio-diversity. To deal with this sensitive yet significant aspect of humanity, we call upon the world leaders to go back to the fundamental courses of human rights problems especially in developing countries. It is noted that the currently prevailing conditions continue to destroy lives and properties. Furthermore, human dignity is degraded as reflected in the lifestyle of refugees across the world.
62. The members of G20 agreed to set up Environmental Refugees Assistance Program (ERAP)—similar to the concept of multilateral foreign aid – will fund safe shelter, food, medical care and education for ER. This will:
Be in the hands of G20 officials independently
Be tasked to allocate and monitor the funding UNHCR or other NGOs to assist the refugees in need
Collect foreign aids and contribute it to use the funds for basic needs such as equipments, personnel, facilities, and so on, since G20 nations are covering about 80% of the whole world GDP.
Research, report and make recommendation on source of funding: how much and which nations will pay. This will initiate the agency governance issue
To regulate counter-terrorism, and find out measure to reduce Global Terrorism threat posed to International Community.
63. The Y-20 condemns all forms of terrorism and is committed to contribute its efforts of countering international terrorism in prevention as well as aftermath of terrorism actions. We are willing to work hand in hand with other international organizations, agencies, and/or other forms of counter-terrorist movements in this effort. We therefore emphasize the need the provision of sufficient and highly successful former militant rehabilitation and de-radicalization programs. We urge the international community to recognize the fact that the defeat of extremism cannot be achieved through hard security measures alone.
Piracy
64. We encourage progress for harmonized combat to counter maritime piracy including the extension of NATO’s Operation Ocean Shield and EU NAVFOR’s Operation Atlanta to 2012 and adoption of Russian-sponsored Resolution 1918 (2010), calling for all states to criminalize piracy under their domestic law. The Resolution also asked the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council within three months on “possible options to further the aim of prosecuting and imprisoning persons responsible for acts of piracy.”
65. We are calling for a greater cooperation among Y-20 leaders to counter increased threat of terrorism, since we do recognize the concern that foreign fighters are being trained in Afghanistan and gaining influence inside Somalia’s al-Shabab militia fueling a radical Islamist insurgency with ties to Al-Qaida.
Anti Money Laundering
66. Y-20 Leaders tragically acknowledge the fact that specific legal and institutional design of anti-money laundering regulation in various nations is in flux and subject to different, and sometimes conflicting, influences, and therefore we strongly support a “command and control” model:
by imposing legal standards on certain - financial and non-financial - institutions vulnerable to money laundering activities
by designing governmental institutions responsible for supervising the implementation of these standards as well as for imposing sanctions in case of violations of anti-money laundering regulations and standards.
67. Henceforth, we believe that there should be internationally agreed standards of regulation. The standards of regulation rest on five approaches.
First, detailed AML operating procedures should be in form of manuals which will be approved by the member states to provide a feedback.
Second, the process of Knowing Your customer (KYC) and the Customer Information Programme (CIP) is one which leading global financial institutions find requires them to constantly update and refine. Therefore, we suggest that we all should require financial institutions to conduct ongoing customer due diligence (CDD) and to conduct enhanced due diligence for high risk categories of their customers.
Third, since transaction monitoring plays a pivotal role in any AML program, in order to enhance them, we strongly assert that not only national financial institutions, but rest of members’ to add greater sophistication to their transaction monitoring systems, such as looking at any and all suspicious transactions, and not only focusing predominantly on large transactions. To do so, leading practice banks should implement criteria to define a suspicious transaction and move to automated system to raise their awareness towards any suspicions.
Fourth, the institutions must implement systematic, transparent and effective compliance monitoring and internal audit systems to ensure that program is compliant with laws and regulations.
Fifth, a thorough training program should be implemented at both senior and junior levels. This way, we not only upgrade the institutions’ business and its reputation, but also increase the importance of informing and heightening the awareness of AML.
De-radicalization Process of Terrorist Group
68. To handle terrorist threats, we suggest that cooperation of international security agencies as well as special mission units are essential to overcome of terrorism. This action can be performed not only as a preventive measure or a hostage rescue but as a response to on-going attacks effectively. We recognize that countries of all sizes can have highly trained counter-terrorist teams. Tactics, techniques and procedures for man hunting are under constant development.
To propose G20 Framework for Strategic Partnership and Cooperation regarding Nuclear Issues and support Non-Proliferation Treaty.
69. We are deeply concerned that there would be no relaxation in the international prohibition of chemical and biological weapons, and in support for treaties dealing with them. Y-20 Leaders highly support the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. We wholeheartedly seek to prevent weapons from becoming a threat to our people and to the international community. We sincerely hold that “Non-proliferation” —preventing the dissemination of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, as well as conventional weapons— is an integral component of protecting populations from arms.
70. We highly support the UN Security Council of reaction towards North Korea especially economic sanctions since its threats all East Asia societies. We supported the Six-Party Talks that called for North Korea to return to the table of NPT to handle this problem. We also recognize the threat posed by an Iranian nuclear program and welcome/support the international and domestic sanctions being imposed by many nations around the world. We call on all nations of the world to support these sanctions and prepare for more urgent action if these sanctions prove ineffective. We believe Iranian nuclear weapons will be used to devastate, manipulate, or annex other nations in the middle east and be used to oppose the international agreements and cooperation of G20 nations. Iran's history of threats and state-level terrorist funding necessitate international solidarity in this area."
71. We welcome the “Global Summit on Nuclear Security” that took place on April 2010 especially the “New START” Treaty, signed by President Obama of United States of America and President Dmity Medvedev of Russia in Pargue, on 8 April 2010. This however, is pending for the full congressional ratification.
72. We thereby firmly support the concerted effort of the international community directed at the peaceful denuclearization, alongside efforts to safeguard secure nuclear power across nations.
73. We hold that the military security is an imminent issue that should be addressed in more depth and thus, we request all Y20 member states to communicate on any information available on transfers or activities by peace-threatening states, particularly concerning the proliferation-sensitive nuclear issues, or the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems. This is to enhance monitoring system to prevent all such transactions in accordance with global terrorism and human security.
74. Y-20 Leaders have gathered to agree on the indefinite extension and effective implementation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to encourage those states that have not yet signed the treaty to do so; because the Treaty prohibits non-nuclear weapons states from possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons. We further call for the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, which forbids all nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion, and calls on states to refrain from causing, encouraging or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear explosion.
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Today, we committed to follow the statement declared above for our international economic and security cooperation. We will need further elaboration on the relatively new agenda of Y20 summit, Development issue and Human Security. We, Y20 delegates, expect to meet annually thereafter, and in 2011 France Summit.
1. We, the Leaders of the Y20, held our second meeting in Seoul on August 24, 2010 amidst the stage of recovery in the global economy to emphasize the importance of international coordination and to push forward regulations and reforms for world economic stability.
2. When we last met in June, we reviewed the agreements and progress made in the Group of twenty Ministers and Leaders Summit. As an extension, we searched the initiations and dare solutions that will bring changes to the global economy from the young perspective. Upon the necessary steps taken by G20 member nations, we further stretched out to discuss on the controversial, yet paramount topics that we believe should be promoted for the healthy stabilized global economy.
3. The process of recovery and stabilization has been faster than anticipated nearing a state of normalcy. However, full revitalization of secured economic steadiness still remains one of our greatest assignments due to the volatility in financial markets and the unstable structures of the current global economic status.
4. Today, we agreed upon major reformations of financial regulations of private financial institutions, companies and banks. Although we recognize that too much pressure may drag the current recovery stage economy fall back into double dip recession, we are also concerned of the problem of capital volatility and crisis contagion. Hence, we must achieve this dual goal of not discouraging transactions but at the same time maintaining the stabled financial conditions.
5. We committed to act together and pledge to adopt the policies needed to lay the foundation for strong, sustainable and balanced growth in the 21st century. Our framework for Strong, Sustainable, and Balanced (SSB) growth for the global economy is to encourage well coordinated economic policies that are consistent with appropriate fiscal policies; sound regulatory policies; fair and open free trade; and international cooperation. We also believe that International Financial Institutions (IFIs), i.e. IMF and WB, should provide nations with candid, independent and end-ended surveillance and fair regulations to prevent future crisis and provide proper monitoring of countries.
6. At the same time, we highly promote healthy global growth and balanced development. We put greater emphasis on the basic necessities provided to the Least Developed Countries and ask for global cooperation to make these urgent needs available and affordable to the general public. Also, financial support or encouragement of dept relief programs should be highlighted for long-term sustainability.
7. We realize the seriousness of climate change and greater demand for green technology. Thereby, we suggest knowledge and technology transfer between and among countries.
8. Along with the actions taken for economic and development issues, we would like to propose Y-20’s unique Agenda of Human Security which has risen to an impending issue, and we have worked together for the past months, with the sincere acknowledgement that the definition of human security arises out of how to frame a feasible and coherent set of priorities for concerted action. We are determined to take the concerted actions stated below and thereby pledge the full obligation and acceptance of the following declaration.
9. In order to work within the framework to encourage sound financial and fiscal system, and to deal with the problems of development and human security issue, the international community should put collaborative effort for both recovery and balanced development. We should find more common denominator and reduce disagreements in policy making. We should, furthermore, try to see the world in a wider perspective with broader objectives. We are here to construct better future not simply to discuss on how to overcome crises, and promote well-being of global society.
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Actions to be taken
Agenda on Reformation of Financial Regulations
Today, we agreed:
To set aside the discussion on implementation of Exit Strategy for the time being since this policy should consider each nation’s economic situations, what we want to achieve from this Summit is to set a general holistic framework for future crisis. Thus, we would like to put more focus on fiscal consolidation, which is further pointed out on the agenda of Framework for Strong, Sustainable and Balanced Growth, to overcome the current crisis.
To recognize the need to protect emerging markets that have sound economic fundamentals from external shocks, and thus call upon G20 members to agree to introduce a new system, Global Financial Safety Net, under the IMF to assist those emerging markets.
1. We believe there should be a system under IMF that assist financially to these developing countries where economic fundamentals are sound but are vulnerable from outer impacts from other countries and this system should customize regulations for different economic circumstances of the countries.
2. To distinguish Global Financial Safety Net from the original Standby Arrangement (SBA), we ask IMF for an adjustment of Flexible Credit Line (FCL). FCL is expected to be especially useful for crisis prevention purposes. FCL arrangements would be approved for countries meeting pre-set qualification criteria. FCL would be determined on a case-by-case basis. At the heart of qualification of countries is an assessment that the member (a) has very strong economic fundamentals and institutional policy frameworks; (b) is implementing-and has a sustained track record of implementing-very strong policies, and (c) remains committed to maintaining such policies in the future. We agree that GFSN should not become a blind bailing out system.
3. We would like to emphasize again that this Safety Net is offered to those countries with sound economic fundamentals. We acknowledge that GFSN should not act as an “emergency assistance” to any countries that suffer from the crisis, but as a selective assistance. We call upon IMF to focus more on enhancing their transparency credibility and accuracy in observing member nations and their annually reports. We believe it is important to prevent moral hazards when it comes to risk investors and hot money issue. To do so, we ask IMF to provide credible reports of all member nations’ economic status and general information and wishes support from WB as well.
4. Before reaching IMF as the last resort, GFSN promotes other possible measures to prevent crisis contagion; when national level of prevention fails, we welcome a regional or multilateral cooperation for currency swap, or creation of regional monetary funds. We acknowledge that when the crisis happen, it will be dealt first at national level, then regional and lastly IMF defense. However the reminder lies on the fact that IMF’s empowerment is somewhat limited to monitoring; it cannot enforce antrging on a country unless it is called upon. We here highlight the fact that not all the burden depends on IMF’s decision.
5. Agreeing upon the framework of GFSN, Lastly, we believe that adequate ratio or proper percentage of tax fixed according to a certain global standard can act as to reduce the number of risky investors or money borrowers, as well as reducing the risk financial institutions or the country itself may encounter. This is to provide a guideline to recover on their own rather than making them become totally dependent towards the international organizations, or to enhance their own responsibility.
To take measures to prevent future crisis by setting some more rules and actions and regulate banks and financial institutions from risky investments and speculations.
6. Regarding the Bank Levy issue, we agree that is again democratic value of liberalism, and also assert that it is like punishing the whole global banking industry for the mistake of some banks.
7. To follow the steps taken from Toronto meeting, we highly respect individual nation’s sovereignty regarding their economic status. We agree that governmental intervention is necessary to carry out effective and efficient implementation of the economy, but we do not enforce too much oppression on majority of banks for the mistakes done by minority of them.
8. We give our consent upon reasonably uniform Capital Adequacy Ratio (CAR) for banks in the international society. Reasonably uniform means having a standard according to each nation’s capacity and allows some range of fluctuation.
9. We believe it is a realistic decision to set a range of CAR. We respect that each country has a different economic status and support Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS). We use the Basel capital framework to define and calculate CAR. According to the framework, the more pronounced risk profile, the higher CAR may be warranted. Specifically:
Some specialized microfinance institutions may lack investors/owners that are able to (1) respond promptly to calls for capital and (2) scrutinize management critically to protect their investments, which may inhibit maintenance and growth of the capital base.
Management and staff of microfinance institutions may be relatively inexperienced participants in the formal financial sector. At the same time, the supervisory agency may also be inexperienced at judging and controlling microfinance risks.
New – and even seasoned – microfinance organizations tend to grow faster compared to traditional banks, which puts a heavy strain on managerial resources and information and monitoring systems.
Capital may also deteriorate more quickly as a result of delinquency and loan losses in a specialized microfinance institution or limited scope cooperatives than a commercial bank. This is due to the relatively higher upfront lending costs that cannot be offset by revenue sour.
10. We also recommend transparency and stricter oversight on banks’ balance sheets.
11. We believe that “too big to fail” problem would be alleviated to a large extent if we put big banks at the end of the range. We shall put big banks with a lot of idle money be allowed to stay at the lower end of the ranges so that they can invest more. All in all, we believe that banks should feel more responsible with their behavior.
12. We concede that regarding reformation of financial institutions, the Volker Rule and Glass-Steagall (GS) Act should be tackled.
13. We believe Tobin tax can remedy the way to fight financial speculations at the first place. We owe to the fact that people who basically use currency differences as their way to get floating money are many and the Tobin tax is one of the most realistic solutions.
14. The core reasons we follow Tobin Tax follow: (a) no one wants speculations, (b) everyone wants to see investments in the long term, (c) every one also wants equal distribution, and (d) everybody wants to have more safe and predictable currency situation.
To strengthen international Monitoring Agencies
15. We recognize the importance of strengthening international community to be more responsible about addressing issues regarding each nations economic condition to prepare for potential crisis and have better understanding about the current economic situation while respecting each nations own capability of examine such issues.
16. Existence of international organizations such as but not limited to the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank, and the World trade organization to actively engage with member states to prepare a potential economic down turn resulting from negligence of the status quo.
17. Given the situation we had suffered since 2008, we believe it is crucial to have national governments agreeing to make the central banks of the countries more pro-active in dealing with oversight of the country. It was apparent for us to now that countries with active central banks withstood the crisis better. We believe making central banks more accountable would be practical and wise.
18. With central banks having the real authority over the economy of the country, we suggest a new watchdog system operated under the IMF for sufficient and effective surveillance and supervision. The watchdog should respect each nation’s autonomy to a certain extent. However, excessive freedom should be supervised under the IMF system to prevent another financial crisis of 2008. Acknowledging the fact the IMF cannot prevent crisis, IMF should be able to at least oversee current situation and trends and give advices concerning economic policies to certain nations. One way of efficiency is having IMF alert central bank thereby preventing or handling a crisis at an earlier stage.
i) IMF will monitor policy implementation by governments around the world and has been asked to beef up early warning systems, along with the financial Stability Forum.
ii) With IMF keeping its neutrality, IMF can analyze the relationships between financial markets and the real economy with its global perspective given its membership. IMF expects the global and country monitoring procedures ro work as an early warning.
iii) IMF has been watching countries how they manage and implement economic policies. We supports IMF in this regard that it should work to complement loopholes of IMF without creating new agencies to replace IMF or share the burden of IMF.
Agenda on Framework for Strong Sustainable and Balanced Growth, Trade Issues and Reformation of International Financial Institutions.
To specify and implement the framework that presents guidelines for sound government fiscal policies and fair, however in the long-run, free trade to generate strong, sustainable and balanced growth.
19. We propose a change in the transactions between banks and agencies when advising on services from private small and medium size banks. The current structure causes a certain conflict of interest or moral hazard when the Credit Rating Agencies (CRAs) are enquired of a bank’s products. We feel that these services should be provided by industries in a monopolistically competitive market (allowing more differentiated firms to participate) and financed by the consumer instead of the producer (customers, rather than the bank, pay for the evaluation). Consumers will have a certain amount of choice, and firms will have incentive to produce good products and offer more services. We recognize that this conflict of interest contributed to the financial crisis; however banks should be held responsible for the ultimate decisions regarding consumer loans. Banks should never force the people to rescue themselves from the damage they’ve caused. The criteria in evaluating both public and private CRA should follow the standards that has been decided by the IMF
20. We believe the Credit Rating Agencies that monitors major banks and companies should also have certain regulative system by the public (not private) initiative. The current structure is favorable to the banks and camouflages the true picture of those institutions that originated the crisis. Therefore, we emphasize the need for a watchdog presented under the public officials such as nations’ governmental institutions to take the responsibility of the credit ratings of the large companies and banks. We do not ask IMF to give full and direct regulation and monitoring to all private sectors, however, ask IMF to provide standard and guidance for strict rule.
21. We recommend governments to create tax on real estate’s to discourage people from buying houses which are not affordable by loaning money indiscreetly from banks. We will leave the precise regulations and exact actions to individual nations according to their economic situations and levels. However, we still call for greater focus on the proper control of the house pricing to prevent future crisis generated by the collapse of the ‘real estate bubble’. The approaches can be diversified depending on each nation’s economic structures and policies.
22. The countries with severe fiscal challenges need to accelerate the pace of consolidation. Fiscal consolidation plans will be credible, clearly communicated, differentiated to national circumstances, and focused on measures to foster economic growth. Thus, need for credible, medium-term fiscal consolidation plans to gain higher confidence, while not distracting the recovery of each country, is needed. We are committed to follow the credible and “growth-friendly” medium-term fiscal adjustment plans, which may include legislation creating multi-year targets, the plans need to be alongside the reforms to pension entitlements and public health care systems.
A. In order to sustain recovery, create jobs and to achieve stronger, more sustainable and more balanced growth, G20 nations must follow through on fiscal stimulus and fiscal consolidation plans as soon as possible. Just like Mother Nature, economic crisis comes without any warning; we must be prepared with sound fiscal finances.
B. We should consider more on long term, and growth-oriented fiscal policies. These policies go beyond fiscal sustainability: it also includes issues of tax policy and development, composition of public expenditure, and sub-national finance. Especially, we would like to point out that adjustment in retirement ages are needed. Governments should increase the standard retirement ages in order to tackle the deterioration in government finances. The increase will be gradually phased in to take full effect as soon as possible. It is estimated that the increase in the retirement age coupled with an increase in the income tax on the rich will bring a reduction in the budget deficit. However, general tax increases are not on the agenda as of now. We believe that this policy will be beneficial in the long run.
C. We recognize the need to control sovereign debt and to run a fiscally solvent budget. Thus we propose that, should governments feel the need to extend economic stimulus packages, a clause pledging decreases in government spending be included. Within 10 years, it is recommended that sovereign debt be cut into half by means such as raising taxes and reforming social welfare programs that are defunct.
D. We also realize that fiscal consolidation will have major repercussions for many nations in the short run. Therefore we do not agree to any radical cutting back on public spending in the light of the Euro Zone crisis, and believe that economic contraction policies could trigger a double dip recession. We suggest a "much more calibrated" exit from the global stimulus.
23. The countries suffering from this crisis need to expand the government spending at the same time cut back on the deficit. We argue the need to share the knowledge and ideas with other countries to achieve twin goals of fiscal stimulus and economic stabilization. There are two ways to achieve dual goals. We believe each nation and IFIs observe two policies and share the knowledge about these polices for the future application by each country.
24. We firmly believe that the other nations which have a huge budget deficit should report their structural reform to the IMF and have their reform bill checked by the IFIs whether their policy is on the right track. To initiate the structural reform, we believe that nations that are under economic crisis especially those who majorly suffered from sovereign debt should annually report their economic progress, openly to other countries and financial agencies, in accordance to the reforms.
To promote fair and free trade, countries should reject protectionism and refrain from raising trade barriers that hinders free flow of commodities. Also, fair trade is the fastest way toward the friendly international integration and unification. This is a key aspect if we as a global citizen are to come across the diversity among people and create a one coordinated system of collaboration, which can be lead to all divisions in trade. Especially, when it comes to trade between developed and developing countries, there should be a certain system to balance the commodities’ value and help emerging industries in developing countries. By ‘Fair trade’ we mean fair outcome and results by trades and ‘Free trade’ refers to free chance to compete in the market.
25. In order to promote pro-development, open, and non-discriminatory trade, we would like to suggest countries to give more attention on Doha Development Agenda and once again discuss this as important agenda in the world trading system. We strongly ask all the members of WTO for a more flexible and cooperative posture in order to complete DDA, and would like to support WTO to take the lead in concluding DDA.
26. We remind global society that trade protectionism slows down national developments by hindering free flow of commodities transaction and reduces diversity for the global consumers. Trade barriers such as subsidies and high tariffs should be reduced gradually according to individual countries’ conditions and circumstances, and finally eliminate in the long-run.
27. We encourage the transfer of advanced technology and human resources from developed to developing countries and ask developed countries to share the skills and knowledge with the emerging industries of developing countries. This is another way of helping the industries and government leadership of developing countries to enhance their own comparative advantage. However this transfer should be made through the market and educational institutions, where incentives must be ensured to the senders as well as the receivers. We recommend setting up the international market to encourage the exchange of such knowledge and experience. If the industries of developed countries are not participating actively, some pertinent measure to encourage them such as the subsidy from each state may be necessary.
28. Special and differential treatment for all developing countries should further insisted.
A. “Special products” and “Special safeguard mechanism” treatment granted to developing countries
B. Flexibilities given to developing countries for them to better adapt to world trade liberalization in the form of meaningful special and differential treatment
C. “early harvest” benefits offered to developing countries
29. We call upon developed members to demonstrate “more political will and more substantive flexibilities, especially on the proposals for Agreement-specific Special & Differentiated (S&D) provisions for Least Developed Countries. For the countries that depend heavily on international export markets, we emphasize the need for an active WTO to keep foreign markets open.
30. We welcome WTO’s proposal of a new Quota Voting System as follows:
A. Participants of the negotiation table should proceed through a scan and filtering process so as to employ a fixed number of significant modalities for the agenda. However, for the efficiency of the procedure, we propose the quota voting system to be utilized in this process. And only after the modalities have been settled, the single-undertaking system will help to reach a consensus on the contents of the modalities.
B. An exact deadline must be assigned for each modality as well as the consensus of the agenda in order to bring forth the political willingness of the settlement and the flexibility to compromise in the negotiation. Yet, each nation should have enough time to have a close examination and study of the modalities and the agenda so as not to rush to add a new sector or turn down the ones already mentioned.
To take steps in reformation of International Financial Institutions majorly IMF and WB to redeem their legitimacy, fairness, and effectiveness as inter-governmental organizations. We also encourage nations to be domestically more preventive and defensive in their first management of crisis.
31. We recognize that IMF should remain quota-based organization and that distribution of quotas should reflect a country’s contribution to the Fund as well as its economy’s weight in the world economy. However, in the recent years we witness the emergence of new dynamic markets. In this regard, the quota share system should be reformed. This problem has been already addressed through 2008 IMF Quota and Voice Reform proposal. We thus call upon countries to ratify the proposal in quick and responsive manner and reform IMF’s voting quota by the upcoming Seoul Summit in November 2010.
32. We request IMF to take more flexible and appropriate policies and regulations according to individual nation’s economic circumstances and structures. IMF has the ability and credible criteria to evaluate whether a certain country is financially healthy and safe. Hence, IMF should implement policies that are more customized and localized to each nation. For customizing, IFIs need to cooperate with national governments and for localizing, share information and strategies with multilateral regional banks.
33. We also encourage more employment of citizens from emerging economies, thus addressing the issue of staff diversity within IMF organization. The completion of implementation of such reforms particularly on the governance structures of the IFIs will ensure that developing countries have sufficient representation in decision-making of policies which impact their economies. These executions should come alongside structures to reinforce accountability, strengthen the participation of the fund governors in strategic oversight in order to secure transparent and merit-based selection of IFI management. Due to their vital role in development and economic growth the G-20 may consider inviting the African Union (AU) and African Development Bank (ADB) to participate in future summits and meetings.
34. We repeat that there should be less dependence on US dollar as a world reserve currency which was continuously mentioned during the previous meetings. Nations have come to realize the importance of the issue and there are two main ideas as how to minimize the dependency on US dollar as a primary reserve: to either modify IMF’s Special Drawing Rights or to diversify holdings into a basket of currency reserves.
35. We would like to encourage each nation to establish Sustainable Economic Strategy Institutes (SESIs) and develop comprehensive economic strategies encompassing both short-term and long-term concerns. Thus, we propose that every government establish national institutes that would research into alternatives for Keynesianism.
36. We propose a well designed and viable technical assistance package to boost tax collection capacity and support efforts by developing nations to proactively track down illicit or looted funds through such frameworks as the Stolen Assets Recovery initiative (SAR). We believe that the regulation and transparency of tax havens should be greatly strengthened through measures like a multilateral tax information exchange treaty and by upgrading the UN Tax Committee. Transparency of all financial flows should include specific efforts to increase the transparency of the extractive industries and the banking sector in developing countries.
37. We also suggest strengthening cooperation among regional monetary funds in order to make governance more effective – facilitate swapping between nations within and across regions and make regional monetary funds work closely with each nation and collect voices of nations within the region.
38. We recognize the need to reform voting quota, customized policy application and governance of IMF should go under process from this moment. However, when changes are too fast, which may violate the accountability all the countries are seeking for due to destabilization of IMF itself. Therefore IMF should change the form, policies, but with the accountable stability.
Agenda on Development Issue
Greater emphasis must be put on raising public awareness about preventable diseases and hygiene through effective public health initiatives. At the same time, there must be global cooperation to make healthcare more affordable and accessible to all.
39. We recognize that solving health problems in vulnerable countries is one of the most important steps towards building a strong human infrastructure for development. In this regard, raising public awareness about various preventable diseases is important. Particular emphasis must be put on educating people at the grass root level about hygiene and the basics of healthcare. This is crucial for combating both child as well as maternal mortality.
40. We express our firm support for the global fight against HIV/AIDS. Once again, raising awareness about disease prevention and programs targeted at sexual and reproductive health are some of the key aspects of tackling this challenge. At the same time, improved treatment, care and support for people suffering from AIDS is called for.
41. To achieve the healthcare goals, particularly the ones outlined in the MDGs, a strong, efficient and transparent public health system is required. This should be based on accessible and affordable healthcare for all. Since the most vulnerable people are usually poor or live in isolated communities, it is critical to involve them in seeking the solution, through community based health programs. National healthcare policies should strive to provide adequate training to medical personnel and monitor the existing facilities for better quality of delivery.
42. We realize that one of the major stumbling blocks to providing accessible healthcare facilities are the business interests and the issue of pharmaceutical patents. However, there are a significant number of healthcare programs running in various countries across the globe that provide quality healthcare to the needy in a self sustainable manner without the requirement of external aid. We believe that with cooperation, coordination and an innovative approach, the issue of affordable accessibility can be effectively addressed.
We have to ensure that food security would be the stepping stone for effective poverty reduction, since food is the most basic human needs. Affordable accessibility of quality food products through enhancement of agricultural productivity and sustainable farming practices should be emphasized. At the same time, institutional changes aimed at rural development, efficient storage and distribution of food grains will ensure efficiency in the food supply chain. Policies aimed at preventing food price spikes and practices that distort food prices, should be handled in a globally cooperative manner.
43. We agree that the use of technology to enhance agricultural productivity is one the key requirements of solving the problem of food security and allowing nations to be self-sustainable with food production. Simultaneously, we should also focus on the efficient storage and distribution of food grains through improvement of domestic market infrastructure. This would require investment in agriculture and access to up-to-date farming technology.
44. The long term food security issues are tied with sustainable and responsible farming practices. Issues like the usage of energy and groundwater resources for agricultural purposes and their long terms effects also need to be carefully considered. Policies aimed at improved incentives for such practices, rural development, agricultural restoration and providing cover to poor people against food price shocks should be encouraged.
45. Though free trade is encouraged, we must see to it and make sure that, policies and practices that distort the global food market leading to food price inflation, is monitored and regulated in a coordinated manner. In this regard, two particular issues are that of bio-fuel subsidies and the speculative trading in food grains. They have been dealt with more specifically in the other sections of this communiqué.
46. Food security is one of the key steps towards poverty reduction, since food is a basic necessity. However, combating poverty reduction would require bringing a host of other essential services to the poor. This includes financial inclusiveness, access to education and other public services.
An internationally coordinated approach in creating early warning systems through effective risk assessment and seamless flow of information between countries is necessary. The lack of availability of disaster insurance makes poor people particularly vulnerable. Innovation is needed in this area to at least partially mitigate this. Emphasis should also be put on preparedness and rapid response mechanisms
47. We believe that there is a need to act in a coordinated manner in tackling natural disasters. To achieve this, there is a need to install mechanisms that make the seamless flow of information between countries possible. This mechanism would focus on disaster prevention, early warning systems, assessment of risk and vulnerability of the local population and an efficient rapid response mechanism.
48. In light of the mutually reinforcing nature of vulnerability to natural disasters and poverty, we realize that the lack of availability of disaster insurance to poor people is a problem that puts a lot of burden not only on these people but also on the respective government engaged in the post disaster reconstruction works. We believe that it is time to adopt a more innovative approach to address this problem. Also, there should be more transparency and accountability in the use of funds allocated for disaster relief.
Empowerment of people through access to quality education, decent jobs, free flow of information, access to essential services are some of the outcomes of effective governance. These however, at the same time, strengthen the process, reduce corruption and ensure transparency and accountability.
49. Corruption is one of the main reasons why the implementation of sound policies is hindered. We strongly believe that combating corruption should be one the pillars of good governance. This includes sound public resource management, tax administration, financial sector soundness and combating the financing of terrorist activities.
50. We recognize that access to proper and affordable education, decent jobs, adequate public services, free flow of information and raising environmental awareness are critical in achieving self sustainability of poor countries. The small and medium sized enterprises should be encouraged to function, through policies that assure financial access for them.
Effective combating of climate change involves innovation, sharing of technology, stable financing and accurate assessment of long term costs of current actions. It is important to incentivize environment friendly processes and energy efficient systems, in order to absorb the negative externalities that are imposed by the current situations. Technology transfer is likely to reduce the difference in priorities that exist between different countries for combating climate change and allow integrated approach towards meeting challenges of sustainable development.
51. There is a need for large scale and stable financing to support actions on climate change. This would require an innovative approach to seek financing with emphasis on coordination, commitment and burden sharing. One of the possible sources of this funding can be the Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS) which would ensure that the real costs of pollution are borne by the emitter.
52. Technology is one of the most important pillars of our fight against climate change. To bring parity in the development gap that exists between various countries, we encourage the transfer of technology that reduces this gap and moves combating climate change up the list of priorities for all countries. With proper access to technology and effective management, previously untapped resources can be exploited without any adverse effects on the environment and ensuring that the benefits are distributed uniformly across the society.
53. We encourage the expanding use of alternative sources of energy and improvement of energy efficiency of existing systems. However, it is also equally important to evaluate the long term costs that will be incurred by these forms of energy resources. We must not create new problems in our effort to solve existing ones. In this regard public-private partnerships are likely to offer interesting solutions.
To encourage the transfer of Green technologies, however, we also need to consider the payment for the intellectual property
54. Green economy should be discussed on the world level and it is a matter of timing, Therefore, we are willing to provide developing countries with technologies of which the patency is expired in an effort to help make their environment healthy
55. As the developing countries pursue economic development with new approaches amid their integration into the global economic, there is urgent and soaring demand for climate-friendly technologies. To achieve effective access and use of green technologies, the rich nations should remove barriers trade policies vis-à-vis intellectual property regulations that render procurement of these technologies unaffordable. In reference to the recent breakdown in negotiations at the United Nations climate conference in Copenhagen, Denmark, seeking to eliminate tariffs on green technology, there is a need for innovative approach to green technology acquisition, transmission and application so as to balance the demand among developing nations. One prospective solution to overcome the high costs of technology dissemination could involve the creation of a global exchange forum in which transnational green technology holders, green venture capitalists, and developing country entrepreneurs could broker for efficient allocation of investment, resources, and technologies. We believe that a coordinated effort among global leaders in the development and implementation of green technologies will help to build sustainably societies across the globe.
Aid must be used to build trade capacity and promote South-South trade. Public-Private partnership and oversight for both meeting commitments to provide aid and its transparent and effective utilization is necessary.
56. We realize that there is a need for renewed assessment of the debt relied mechanisms and aid for trade. It is also important to strengthen the lending framework to countries with relatively strong economic fundamentals and incentivize countries towards meeting their commitment towards providing aid. Initiatives like Multilateral Debt Relief are likely to increase fiscal space of many poor countries.
57. It is also important to focus on building and improvement of trade capacities of poor countries. This is likely to increase the so called ‘South-South’ trade and insulate the poor countries to some extent from the volatilities of the global market as well as recover from economic downturns.
Agenda on Human Security
To share ideas and views in order to solve the human security problem of the refugees suffering from natural or manmade environmental disasters and would like to bring a rather new concept of “Environmental Refugees.”
58. The Y-20’s highest priority is to appropriately and correctly consolidate the definition of “Environmental Refugees,” since 50 million Environmental Refugees are not yet recognized by world convention. We agree to the following definition of “Environmental Refugees” as the people who are permanently or temporarily displaced by the natural or manmade environmental disasters. We therefore welcome the effort to define, recognize and extend support to this new category of “Refugee.”
59. Y-20 proposes all member states to be aware of the ongoing problems, and the need to adopt resettlement plans that include following aspects:
Adequate preparation
Willingness and participation of migrant
Willingness and participation of hosted population
Adequate fund
Social integration
Education
60. We recognize the pronounced attention in refugees caused altogether from international conflicts and from climate change. Thus we further acknowledge the need to support the international organization and NGOs, especially to enumerate environment migrant/refugees, and find additional resources for their development. We thereby welcome the recognition of basic human rights in regard to subject of Environmental Refugees. We are hereby committed to bring the solutions to the following problems: the lack of NGOs that are supportive of refugees, complicated procedure on receiving refugee status.
61. The causes of environmental displacement are known to include desertification, lack of water salination of irrigated lands and the depletion of bio-diversity. To deal with this sensitive yet significant aspect of humanity, we call upon the world leaders to go back to the fundamental courses of human rights problems especially in developing countries. It is noted that the currently prevailing conditions continue to destroy lives and properties. Furthermore, human dignity is degraded as reflected in the lifestyle of refugees across the world.
62. The members of G20 agreed to set up Environmental Refugees Assistance Program (ERAP)—similar to the concept of multilateral foreign aid – will fund safe shelter, food, medical care and education for ER. This will:
Be in the hands of G20 officials independently
Be tasked to allocate and monitor the funding UNHCR or other NGOs to assist the refugees in need
Collect foreign aids and contribute it to use the funds for basic needs such as equipments, personnel, facilities, and so on, since G20 nations are covering about 80% of the whole world GDP.
Research, report and make recommendation on source of funding: how much and which nations will pay. This will initiate the agency governance issue
To regulate counter-terrorism, and find out measure to reduce Global Terrorism threat posed to International Community.
63. The Y-20 condemns all forms of terrorism and is committed to contribute its efforts of countering international terrorism in prevention as well as aftermath of terrorism actions. We are willing to work hand in hand with other international organizations, agencies, and/or other forms of counter-terrorist movements in this effort. We therefore emphasize the need the provision of sufficient and highly successful former militant rehabilitation and de-radicalization programs. We urge the international community to recognize the fact that the defeat of extremism cannot be achieved through hard security measures alone.
Piracy
64. We encourage progress for harmonized combat to counter maritime piracy including the extension of NATO’s Operation Ocean Shield and EU NAVFOR’s Operation Atlanta to 2012 and adoption of Russian-sponsored Resolution 1918 (2010), calling for all states to criminalize piracy under their domestic law. The Resolution also asked the Secretary-General to report to the Security Council within three months on “possible options to further the aim of prosecuting and imprisoning persons responsible for acts of piracy.”
65. We are calling for a greater cooperation among Y-20 leaders to counter increased threat of terrorism, since we do recognize the concern that foreign fighters are being trained in Afghanistan and gaining influence inside Somalia’s al-Shabab militia fueling a radical Islamist insurgency with ties to Al-Qaida.
Anti Money Laundering
66. Y-20 Leaders tragically acknowledge the fact that specific legal and institutional design of anti-money laundering regulation in various nations is in flux and subject to different, and sometimes conflicting, influences, and therefore we strongly support a “command and control” model:
by imposing legal standards on certain - financial and non-financial - institutions vulnerable to money laundering activities
by designing governmental institutions responsible for supervising the implementation of these standards as well as for imposing sanctions in case of violations of anti-money laundering regulations and standards.
67. Henceforth, we believe that there should be internationally agreed standards of regulation. The standards of regulation rest on five approaches.
First, detailed AML operating procedures should be in form of manuals which will be approved by the member states to provide a feedback.
Second, the process of Knowing Your customer (KYC) and the Customer Information Programme (CIP) is one which leading global financial institutions find requires them to constantly update and refine. Therefore, we suggest that we all should require financial institutions to conduct ongoing customer due diligence (CDD) and to conduct enhanced due diligence for high risk categories of their customers.
Third, since transaction monitoring plays a pivotal role in any AML program, in order to enhance them, we strongly assert that not only national financial institutions, but rest of members’ to add greater sophistication to their transaction monitoring systems, such as looking at any and all suspicious transactions, and not only focusing predominantly on large transactions. To do so, leading practice banks should implement criteria to define a suspicious transaction and move to automated system to raise their awareness towards any suspicions.
Fourth, the institutions must implement systematic, transparent and effective compliance monitoring and internal audit systems to ensure that program is compliant with laws and regulations.
Fifth, a thorough training program should be implemented at both senior and junior levels. This way, we not only upgrade the institutions’ business and its reputation, but also increase the importance of informing and heightening the awareness of AML.
De-radicalization Process of Terrorist Group
68. To handle terrorist threats, we suggest that cooperation of international security agencies as well as special mission units are essential to overcome of terrorism. This action can be performed not only as a preventive measure or a hostage rescue but as a response to on-going attacks effectively. We recognize that countries of all sizes can have highly trained counter-terrorist teams. Tactics, techniques and procedures for man hunting are under constant development.
To propose G20 Framework for Strategic Partnership and Cooperation regarding Nuclear Issues and support Non-Proliferation Treaty.
69. We are deeply concerned that there would be no relaxation in the international prohibition of chemical and biological weapons, and in support for treaties dealing with them. Y-20 Leaders highly support the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons to limit the spread of nuclear weapons. We wholeheartedly seek to prevent weapons from becoming a threat to our people and to the international community. We sincerely hold that “Non-proliferation” —preventing the dissemination of nuclear, chemical, and biological weapons, as well as conventional weapons— is an integral component of protecting populations from arms.
70. We highly support the UN Security Council of reaction towards North Korea especially economic sanctions since its threats all East Asia societies. We supported the Six-Party Talks that called for North Korea to return to the table of NPT to handle this problem. We also recognize the threat posed by an Iranian nuclear program and welcome/support the international and domestic sanctions being imposed by many nations around the world. We call on all nations of the world to support these sanctions and prepare for more urgent action if these sanctions prove ineffective. We believe Iranian nuclear weapons will be used to devastate, manipulate, or annex other nations in the middle east and be used to oppose the international agreements and cooperation of G20 nations. Iran's history of threats and state-level terrorist funding necessitate international solidarity in this area."
71. We welcome the “Global Summit on Nuclear Security” that took place on April 2010 especially the “New START” Treaty, signed by President Obama of United States of America and President Dmity Medvedev of Russia in Pargue, on 8 April 2010. This however, is pending for the full congressional ratification.
72. We thereby firmly support the concerted effort of the international community directed at the peaceful denuclearization, alongside efforts to safeguard secure nuclear power across nations.
73. We hold that the military security is an imminent issue that should be addressed in more depth and thus, we request all Y20 member states to communicate on any information available on transfers or activities by peace-threatening states, particularly concerning the proliferation-sensitive nuclear issues, or the development of nuclear weapon delivery systems. This is to enhance monitoring system to prevent all such transactions in accordance with global terrorism and human security.
74. Y-20 Leaders have gathered to agree on the indefinite extension and effective implementation of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty and to encourage those states that have not yet signed the treaty to do so; because the Treaty prohibits non-nuclear weapons states from possessing, manufacturing or acquiring nuclear weapons. We further call for the early entry into force of the Comprehensive Test-Ban Treaty, which forbids all nuclear weapon test explosions or any other nuclear explosion, and calls on states to refrain from causing, encouraging or in any way participating in the carrying out of any nuclear explosion.
* * *
Today, we committed to follow the statement declared above for our international economic and security cooperation. We will need further elaboration on the relatively new agenda of Y20 summit, Development issue and Human Security. We, Y20 delegates, expect to meet annually thereafter, and in 2011 France Summit.
Twenty Agendas at G-20, Part II (article) Author: Jamal Afridi(September 23, 2009)
Heads of state and government from the Group of Twenty (G-20) advanced economies meet in the U.S. city of Pittsburgh on Sept. 24-25 to discuss continuing efforts at coordinating action to combat the global economic crisis. The meeting builds on summits held in Washington in November 2008 and London in April 2009 in which leaders discussed stimulus measures and new rules for the international financial system to confront the deepest global recession since World War II. Amid signs of recovery in some regions, G-20 leaders in Pittsburgh are expected to consider winding down some stimulus measures. They will also likely discuss ways of increasing capital requirements for banks to help avoid collapses that battered the finance industry in the past year. The following is an outline of the policy issues that will command the most attention for each of the G-20 members.
Argentina
While each of the twenty members of the G-20 technically has equal power, experts say Argentina, which represents one of the smallest economies involved, will have more limited influence than most. Argentina will seek to improve its sour relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and push for relaxing IMF conditionality on loans. In September, Argentina agreed in principle to open its books to the fund. Buenos Aires has sought a return to foreign debt markets since its massive debt default in 2002, and an IMF review would allow access to international money markets. CFR's Shannon O'Neil says Mexico and Argentina "want greater funding for the Inter-American development bank, which needs fresh capital." Argentina will work to foster increased participation of developing countries in international financial organizations.
Australia
Australia is expected to call for a "robust framework" on global regulation and oversight in Pittsburgh, but has warned that too much focus on the issue of banker bonuses at the summit could stall economic recovery. At the preliminary G-20 meeting of ministers in London, Australian Finance Minister Wayne Swan said "refinements in pay structure and greater transparency" needed to be pursued (FT), but that "the G-20 has much further to go." Australia believes it is too early to begin exit strategies from economic stimulus policy. Swan announced in early September that stimulus would not be curbed until the Australian growth "is secured" (AAP) at the normal quarterly rate of three percent—a rate Australia has not reached since the March quarter of 2008. Australia hopes to return to that rate by producing a "sustained return of demand, and particularly private demand," but the Australian treasury has estimated that economic growth will not return to an above-trend level until 2011 (AAP).
Brazil
Brazil represents the largest Latin American economy and the second-largest emerging market economy present at the G-20 summit. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva will utilize the global financial crisis to make a strong case for expanding the roles of developing countries within international financial institutions and for encouraging the resumption of global trade negotiations, according to CFR's Julia E. Sweig. Brazil "has acknowledged increased confidence in the markets," says Sweig, noting that the country "pledged a $10 billion contribution to the IMF and plans to sign the agreement in Pittsburgh." Lula, who will be calling for greater international regulation (Reuters) of the financial sector and for significant reform in procedures of the IMF and World Bank, said in July that developing countries "need to demand the things we agreed [in April, 2009] that the International Monetary Fund would do and that the World Bank would do, and I think this meeting is extremely important."
Britain
Prime Minister Gordon Brown, host of the April 2009 G-20 summit and a former finance minister himself, has proposed coordination by the G-20 on monetary and fiscal policy with a shift away from a global reliance on debtor nations such as the United States. At a pre-summit meeting of EU heads in Brussels in September, Brown said, "the Pittsburgh summit should agree a historic global compact for long-term stability and jobs." Brown also said just ahead of the summit that ongoing stimulus is crucial to the global financial recovery, signaling a move away from suggestions that he was planning to cut spending in an attempt to boost Britain's economy. Brown has co-signed a letter with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel calling for the G-20 to adopt binding rules on variable pay for major banks. He is also expected to join his counterparts in calling for tougher actions aimed at eliminating tax havens.
Canada
Canada has indicated that its agenda at the G-20 summit will revolve around economic recovery efforts and clean energy policies. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper is expected to voice his opposition to U.S. protectionism and
express his concern over the "buy American" provisions in the U.S. economic stimulus package. Jim Flaherty, Canada's minister of finance, stressed the need for all G-20 members to fulfill their commitments to incentivize their respective economies and regulate their financial institutions. Speaking to reporters before the G-20 meeting, Flaherty insisted that "the most important area is stimulus spending by members of the G20; we all agreed that we would take steps to create substantial stimuli in our respective economies."
China
In advance of the G-20 summit, China expressed the desire for an increased role in the IMF and the World Bank to better reflect the country's growing economic strength. In particular, Beijing is expected to push for a restructuring of IMF voting rights and governance powers, with an equal distribution of rights among developed and developing countries. Speaking ahead of the G-20 summit, Assistant Finance Minister Zhu Guangyao said that voting rights "should gradually achieve a balance of 50 percent to 50 percent" (Reuters) between developed and developing countries. China will likely address the recent trade tensions between the United States and China, which rose in the aftermath of Washington's decision to place tariffs on Chinese tire imports. China's vice foreign minister He Yafei urged G-20 leaders (WSJ) to "reaffirm their commitment to impose no new protectionist measures," and continue to be mindful of "common interests."
European Union
After reporting an expected four percent economic contraction by the end of 2009 (AFP) among member states, the European Union is seeking solutions related to job creation, energy efficiency, support for low income nations, and IMF governance. EU ministers are also expected to push for international financial regulation through supervision of markets and caps on bonuses in the financial sector. The bonus issue is emerging as a particularly sensitive one between the EU states and Washington. EU leaders in early September called on the G20 to establish binding rules on bonuses but specifics were to be worked out at the summit.
France
President Nicolas Sarkozy, with Angela Merkel's support, has been a leading voice on toughening financial regulation. Speaking to reporters with Britain's Gordon Brown, Sarkozy called for "concrete, precise decisions" (Bloomberg) to be taken at the summit. Sarkozy and Finance Minister Christine Lagarde are pushing G-20 leaders to come to a consensus on bankers' compensation, and Sarkozy's chief of staff warned that the French president may walk out (UPI) of the G-20 meeting if leaders fail to reach a global agreement on curbing bank bonuses, mirroring a similar threat made over the regulation of tax havens in April.
Germany
In the lead-up to the G-20, Chancellor Angela Merkel has pushed for greater international implementation of financial regulatory measures agreed to at the London summit in April. Analysts were surprised when Germany showed unexpected growth (BBC) in June, escaping the ill effects of a yearlong recession. Merkel, who is seeking re-election on September 27, has agreed on a common position with France that largely seeks to limit bankers' remunerations. The chancellor has been outspoken about the damaging effects of large banks (WSJ) and the cross-border linkage, believing that "no bank must be allowed to get so big that it can get into a situation where it could blackmail governments." Merkel will also push G-20 nations to make assurances that banks have sufficient capital cushions to protect against
potential losses, and that strategies for winding down economic stimulus packages cover interest rate policies.
India
India is expected to reiterate its demand for a larger role in the international financial system, including increased IMF voting rights. Along with Russia, Brazil, and China, India proposes a seven percent shift in IMF quotas in favor of developing countries. Swaminathan Aiyar, a prominent Indian financial writer and a fellow at the CATO Institute, says India will "generally agree" with new financial rules on higher capital adequacy. However, Aiyar says, New Delhi "may point out that capital adequacy [regulation on how banks must hand their capital] was not a problem in India, China and most other Asian countries during the crisis, so a one-size-fits-all approach may not be so wise." Given its reliance on exports, Aiyar says, New Delhi will also reiterate the importance of avoiding protectionism and will call on developed countries to rule against tariffs on imports from countries that do not accept legally binding emission reduction targets, known as "green protectionism."
Indonesia
While Indonesia is in a strong fiscal position, according to Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the nation is also cautious about the future international economic outlook (Dow Jones). Mulyani has urged G-20 ministers to adopt a "coordinated approach" for an exit strategy from financial stimulus policies, fearing that any premature action could prolong the recession. Mulyani also hopes to discuss the formation of a new, sustainable global economic model that "will not lead to excessively risky behavior." Indonesian officials aim to address climate change inside such a model, hoping to come to an international consensus on the funding of climate change technologies. Indonesia has criticized plans from developed nations regarding CO2 emissions cuts, claiming that rich nations are pushing the financial burden of climate change mitigation (Reuters) on the developing world. "Many developing countries are concerned that the global issue of climate change will constrain their ability to industrialize without creating additional costs," Mulyani noted at the meeting of financial ministers in London.
Italy
Italy currently chairs both the G8 industrialized nations and the Financial Stability Forum, an international body that focuses on coordinating regulation of financial markets. With a largely service-based economy, Italy has weathered the global financial crisis relatively well; however an assessment by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) found that limited exposure of banks to toxic assets did not protect Italy from the recession. Gianmarco Ottaviano, a professor of economics at Bocconi University Milan, says Italy's main focus at the summit, as raised by Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti at a meeting of G-20 finance ministers, concerns the global governance of the G-20. In Italy's opinion, says Ottaviano, the G-20 is the "natural place for global political decisions with the[International Monetary Fund] as its executive arm." Italy will likely join G-20 counterparts in pushing for action aimed at eliminating tax havens.
Japan
Japan's recent change of government, says CFR's Sheila Smith, raises new questions about the future trajectory of decision-making on foreign policy goals broadly, "but also about the specific issue of Japan's role in the G-20 process." The previous government of Prime Minister Taro Aso passed a supplementary budget of about $152 billion in stimulus spending in May, and the new Finance Minister Hirohisa Fujii announced in September that as much as $55 billion of the stimulus may be redeployed (Bloomberg). The Democratic Party of Japan, the new ruling party, has promised the public that it will offer subsidies to families raising children, end the gasoline tax, and reduce tolls on public highways to put more money in the pockets of Japan's consumers and lower the country's record unemployment rate. Unclear, experts say, is the tack that the new Japanese government will take on international efforts to reform global financial management practices. Smith notes that "there is some indication that this new government takes a more critical stance towards the U.S. role in leading the global economy, but it is unclear going into Pittsburgh whether or not this will translate into a less supportive policy position vis-a-vis Washington's proposals." Mexico Experts say Mexico envisions the G-20 as a mechanism to bridge the economic gap between industrialized and developing countries. CFR's O'Neil says heightened concern over climate change in Mexico will likely dictate its agenda during the summit. According to O'Neil, Mexico "will likely propose innovative policies such as the creation of a green fund that all countries would contribute to for investment in clean technologies." As a major trading partner with the United States, Mexico will urge other G-20 leaders to pressure Washington not to adopt protectionist measures, such as using "Buy American" clauses and banning Mexican trucks from U.S. highways. Mexico views such measures as violations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Russia
While the Russian economy grew 7.4 percent between April and June, it contracted 10.9 percent between 2008 and 2009, prompting Russian officials to warn against too much optimism (Reuters) and the removal of stimulus policies they say are still needed to return the market to sustained growth. Nonetheless, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has advocated research into post-crisis development and exit strategies. Russian Economy Minister Elvira Nabiullina has also called for the creation of a new Russian economic model, one that limits "weak points" of the economic crisis and "dependence on oil exports and foreign capital markets." At the G-20 summit, Russia will push for IMF and World Bank restructuring (Newsday) on behalf of the Brazil, Russia, India, and China quartet (BRIC). The BRIC argues that reform of these bodies is needed to ensure global stability and equity, and has proposed quota increases for the representation of developing nations in both the IMF and World Bank.
Saudi Arabia
The world's leading oil exporter will start asserting itself--gently but increasingly--at the G-20 summit, says Jean- Francois Seznec, an Arab-Persian Gulf expert and visiting professor at Georgetown University. "Saudi Arabia will also look favorably on G-20 policies that would curb the hedge funds and other large financial institutions seen to be in part the cause of the enormous volatility of oil prices," says Seznec. Saudi Arabia plans "to continue the measures and the stimulus packages [agreed to in April]" according to finance minister Ibrahim Al-Assaf (TradeArabia). Regarding the debate on members' voting power, Saudi Arabia supports emerging nations' (Reuters) demand for better representation in the financial institutions, but not at "the expense of other emerging and developing countries," says Al-Assaf. "It should come from the share of developed countries that are overrepresented."
South Africa
South Africa, the G-20 summit's only delegate from Africa, is one of only two G-20 members that underwent a change of leadership since the April summit. CFR's John Campbell says South African President Jacob Zuma, who was elected on a populist platform, aimed at countering rising unemployment and a shrinking economy, will broadly seek additional funding from the IMF, World Bank, and regional development banks. At the conclusion of a September India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) ministerial, the three countries' foreign ministers reiterated IBSA members' roles as representatives for the underdeveloped Global South in the G-20 and as advocates for the reform of the international financial system. Zuma has made the successful conclusion of the Doha round of global trade talks "a priority," adds Campbell, "and that may also be a preoccupation of the South African delegation at Pittsburgh."
South Korea
President Lee Myung-bak , along with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, called on (FT) G-20 leaders to address challenges impeding further market stabilization. Lee and Rudd urged G-20 leaders to follow through on existing commitments, manage the "transition from crisis to recovery," and move "towards more balanced global growth." Disputes within the South Korean government over a possible rise in interest rates has led to a debate on when toimplement an exit strategy from the current expansionary policies taken to protect the economy. Finance Minister Yoon Jeung-hyun expressed his belief (Reuters) that "implementing an exit strategy alone and too early will weighdown the Korean economy." In an interview with Dow Jones, Yoon said he'd like to see international cooperation on creating global safety nets to lessen the burden that emerging economies face in preparing for external shocks.
Turkey
With Turkey's unemployment rate around 13 percent, some experts predict the country's leaders may use the summit to ask for economic support from their better-off counterparts, as they did at the April G-20 summit. Finance Minister Mehmet Simsek has called for assistance from the IMF in the past, but the IMF has yet to set a deadline (Reuters) in its loan accord talks with Ankara. Turkey is again expected to push for the establishment of anti-protectionist measures and international standards on coordinating further fiscal stimulus measures. More broadly, says Turkey expert Henri J. Barkey, Turkey will use the G-20 "to push for its international political agenda." Barkey says Ankara is in "an all out process of establishing itself as a global power" and views the G-20 as a place to advance its role in international politics and economics.
United States
Washington has indicated it will introduce a plan, titled "Framework for Sustainable and Balanced Growth," that calls for major changes in the economic policies of the United States, China, and EU states. The framework is not public yet but the Wall Street Journal reports that it will "involve measures such as the U.S. saving more and cutting its budget deficit, China relying on exports, and Europe making structural changes to boost business investment." Ahead of the summit, U.S. President Barack Obama also emphasized (Reuters) "the need to remain vigilant to avoid premature withdrawal of stimulus." CFR's Benn Steil says that the Obama administration is focused on getting banks to increase capital cushions by the end of 2010, but is "concerned about disadvantaging U.S. banks internationally - just as in the 1980s [when U.S. capital requirements were higher than those in other major countries]." Steil expects the United States to "push hard on Europe and Japan to match its moves." In an interview with the Financial Times, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said the "most important thing we have to do internationally is a new capital accord." The United States has also been pushing to lower the number of seats on the IMF board and to shift five percentage points (WSJ) of ownership from traditional industrialized countries to developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil. On climate change, the United States is expected to press leaders to eliminate subsidies for fossilfuels and electricity.
Argentina
While each of the twenty members of the G-20 technically has equal power, experts say Argentina, which represents one of the smallest economies involved, will have more limited influence than most. Argentina will seek to improve its sour relationship with the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and push for relaxing IMF conditionality on loans. In September, Argentina agreed in principle to open its books to the fund. Buenos Aires has sought a return to foreign debt markets since its massive debt default in 2002, and an IMF review would allow access to international money markets. CFR's Shannon O'Neil says Mexico and Argentina "want greater funding for the Inter-American development bank, which needs fresh capital." Argentina will work to foster increased participation of developing countries in international financial organizations.
Australia
Australia is expected to call for a "robust framework" on global regulation and oversight in Pittsburgh, but has warned that too much focus on the issue of banker bonuses at the summit could stall economic recovery. At the preliminary G-20 meeting of ministers in London, Australian Finance Minister Wayne Swan said "refinements in pay structure and greater transparency" needed to be pursued (FT), but that "the G-20 has much further to go." Australia believes it is too early to begin exit strategies from economic stimulus policy. Swan announced in early September that stimulus would not be curbed until the Australian growth "is secured" (AAP) at the normal quarterly rate of three percent—a rate Australia has not reached since the March quarter of 2008. Australia hopes to return to that rate by producing a "sustained return of demand, and particularly private demand," but the Australian treasury has estimated that economic growth will not return to an above-trend level until 2011 (AAP).
Brazil
Brazil represents the largest Latin American economy and the second-largest emerging market economy present at the G-20 summit. President Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva will utilize the global financial crisis to make a strong case for expanding the roles of developing countries within international financial institutions and for encouraging the resumption of global trade negotiations, according to CFR's Julia E. Sweig. Brazil "has acknowledged increased confidence in the markets," says Sweig, noting that the country "pledged a $10 billion contribution to the IMF and plans to sign the agreement in Pittsburgh." Lula, who will be calling for greater international regulation (Reuters) of the financial sector and for significant reform in procedures of the IMF and World Bank, said in July that developing countries "need to demand the things we agreed [in April, 2009] that the International Monetary Fund would do and that the World Bank would do, and I think this meeting is extremely important."
Britain
Prime Minister Gordon Brown, host of the April 2009 G-20 summit and a former finance minister himself, has proposed coordination by the G-20 on monetary and fiscal policy with a shift away from a global reliance on debtor nations such as the United States. At a pre-summit meeting of EU heads in Brussels in September, Brown said, "the Pittsburgh summit should agree a historic global compact for long-term stability and jobs." Brown also said just ahead of the summit that ongoing stimulus is crucial to the global financial recovery, signaling a move away from suggestions that he was planning to cut spending in an attempt to boost Britain's economy. Brown has co-signed a letter with French President Nicolas Sarkozy and German Chancellor Angela Merkel calling for the G-20 to adopt binding rules on variable pay for major banks. He is also expected to join his counterparts in calling for tougher actions aimed at eliminating tax havens.
Canada
Canada has indicated that its agenda at the G-20 summit will revolve around economic recovery efforts and clean energy policies. Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper is expected to voice his opposition to U.S. protectionism and
express his concern over the "buy American" provisions in the U.S. economic stimulus package. Jim Flaherty, Canada's minister of finance, stressed the need for all G-20 members to fulfill their commitments to incentivize their respective economies and regulate their financial institutions. Speaking to reporters before the G-20 meeting, Flaherty insisted that "the most important area is stimulus spending by members of the G20; we all agreed that we would take steps to create substantial stimuli in our respective economies."
China
In advance of the G-20 summit, China expressed the desire for an increased role in the IMF and the World Bank to better reflect the country's growing economic strength. In particular, Beijing is expected to push for a restructuring of IMF voting rights and governance powers, with an equal distribution of rights among developed and developing countries. Speaking ahead of the G-20 summit, Assistant Finance Minister Zhu Guangyao said that voting rights "should gradually achieve a balance of 50 percent to 50 percent" (Reuters) between developed and developing countries. China will likely address the recent trade tensions between the United States and China, which rose in the aftermath of Washington's decision to place tariffs on Chinese tire imports. China's vice foreign minister He Yafei urged G-20 leaders (WSJ) to "reaffirm their commitment to impose no new protectionist measures," and continue to be mindful of "common interests."
European Union
After reporting an expected four percent economic contraction by the end of 2009 (AFP) among member states, the European Union is seeking solutions related to job creation, energy efficiency, support for low income nations, and IMF governance. EU ministers are also expected to push for international financial regulation through supervision of markets and caps on bonuses in the financial sector. The bonus issue is emerging as a particularly sensitive one between the EU states and Washington. EU leaders in early September called on the G20 to establish binding rules on bonuses but specifics were to be worked out at the summit.
France
President Nicolas Sarkozy, with Angela Merkel's support, has been a leading voice on toughening financial regulation. Speaking to reporters with Britain's Gordon Brown, Sarkozy called for "concrete, precise decisions" (Bloomberg) to be taken at the summit. Sarkozy and Finance Minister Christine Lagarde are pushing G-20 leaders to come to a consensus on bankers' compensation, and Sarkozy's chief of staff warned that the French president may walk out (UPI) of the G-20 meeting if leaders fail to reach a global agreement on curbing bank bonuses, mirroring a similar threat made over the regulation of tax havens in April.
Germany
In the lead-up to the G-20, Chancellor Angela Merkel has pushed for greater international implementation of financial regulatory measures agreed to at the London summit in April. Analysts were surprised when Germany showed unexpected growth (BBC) in June, escaping the ill effects of a yearlong recession. Merkel, who is seeking re-election on September 27, has agreed on a common position with France that largely seeks to limit bankers' remunerations. The chancellor has been outspoken about the damaging effects of large banks (WSJ) and the cross-border linkage, believing that "no bank must be allowed to get so big that it can get into a situation where it could blackmail governments." Merkel will also push G-20 nations to make assurances that banks have sufficient capital cushions to protect against
potential losses, and that strategies for winding down economic stimulus packages cover interest rate policies.
India
India is expected to reiterate its demand for a larger role in the international financial system, including increased IMF voting rights. Along with Russia, Brazil, and China, India proposes a seven percent shift in IMF quotas in favor of developing countries. Swaminathan Aiyar, a prominent Indian financial writer and a fellow at the CATO Institute, says India will "generally agree" with new financial rules on higher capital adequacy. However, Aiyar says, New Delhi "may point out that capital adequacy [regulation on how banks must hand their capital] was not a problem in India, China and most other Asian countries during the crisis, so a one-size-fits-all approach may not be so wise." Given its reliance on exports, Aiyar says, New Delhi will also reiterate the importance of avoiding protectionism and will call on developed countries to rule against tariffs on imports from countries that do not accept legally binding emission reduction targets, known as "green protectionism."
Indonesia
While Indonesia is in a strong fiscal position, according to Finance Minister Sri Mulyani Indrawati, the nation is also cautious about the future international economic outlook (Dow Jones). Mulyani has urged G-20 ministers to adopt a "coordinated approach" for an exit strategy from financial stimulus policies, fearing that any premature action could prolong the recession. Mulyani also hopes to discuss the formation of a new, sustainable global economic model that "will not lead to excessively risky behavior." Indonesian officials aim to address climate change inside such a model, hoping to come to an international consensus on the funding of climate change technologies. Indonesia has criticized plans from developed nations regarding CO2 emissions cuts, claiming that rich nations are pushing the financial burden of climate change mitigation (Reuters) on the developing world. "Many developing countries are concerned that the global issue of climate change will constrain their ability to industrialize without creating additional costs," Mulyani noted at the meeting of financial ministers in London.
Italy
Italy currently chairs both the G8 industrialized nations and the Financial Stability Forum, an international body that focuses on coordinating regulation of financial markets. With a largely service-based economy, Italy has weathered the global financial crisis relatively well; however an assessment by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) found that limited exposure of banks to toxic assets did not protect Italy from the recession. Gianmarco Ottaviano, a professor of economics at Bocconi University Milan, says Italy's main focus at the summit, as raised by Finance Minister Giulio Tremonti at a meeting of G-20 finance ministers, concerns the global governance of the G-20. In Italy's opinion, says Ottaviano, the G-20 is the "natural place for global political decisions with the[International Monetary Fund] as its executive arm." Italy will likely join G-20 counterparts in pushing for action aimed at eliminating tax havens.
Japan
Japan's recent change of government, says CFR's Sheila Smith, raises new questions about the future trajectory of decision-making on foreign policy goals broadly, "but also about the specific issue of Japan's role in the G-20 process." The previous government of Prime Minister Taro Aso passed a supplementary budget of about $152 billion in stimulus spending in May, and the new Finance Minister Hirohisa Fujii announced in September that as much as $55 billion of the stimulus may be redeployed (Bloomberg). The Democratic Party of Japan, the new ruling party, has promised the public that it will offer subsidies to families raising children, end the gasoline tax, and reduce tolls on public highways to put more money in the pockets of Japan's consumers and lower the country's record unemployment rate. Unclear, experts say, is the tack that the new Japanese government will take on international efforts to reform global financial management practices. Smith notes that "there is some indication that this new government takes a more critical stance towards the U.S. role in leading the global economy, but it is unclear going into Pittsburgh whether or not this will translate into a less supportive policy position vis-a-vis Washington's proposals." Mexico Experts say Mexico envisions the G-20 as a mechanism to bridge the economic gap between industrialized and developing countries. CFR's O'Neil says heightened concern over climate change in Mexico will likely dictate its agenda during the summit. According to O'Neil, Mexico "will likely propose innovative policies such as the creation of a green fund that all countries would contribute to for investment in clean technologies." As a major trading partner with the United States, Mexico will urge other G-20 leaders to pressure Washington not to adopt protectionist measures, such as using "Buy American" clauses and banning Mexican trucks from U.S. highways. Mexico views such measures as violations of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA).
Russia
While the Russian economy grew 7.4 percent between April and June, it contracted 10.9 percent between 2008 and 2009, prompting Russian officials to warn against too much optimism (Reuters) and the removal of stimulus policies they say are still needed to return the market to sustained growth. Nonetheless, Russian President Dmitry Medvedev has advocated research into post-crisis development and exit strategies. Russian Economy Minister Elvira Nabiullina has also called for the creation of a new Russian economic model, one that limits "weak points" of the economic crisis and "dependence on oil exports and foreign capital markets." At the G-20 summit, Russia will push for IMF and World Bank restructuring (Newsday) on behalf of the Brazil, Russia, India, and China quartet (BRIC). The BRIC argues that reform of these bodies is needed to ensure global stability and equity, and has proposed quota increases for the representation of developing nations in both the IMF and World Bank.
Saudi Arabia
The world's leading oil exporter will start asserting itself--gently but increasingly--at the G-20 summit, says Jean- Francois Seznec, an Arab-Persian Gulf expert and visiting professor at Georgetown University. "Saudi Arabia will also look favorably on G-20 policies that would curb the hedge funds and other large financial institutions seen to be in part the cause of the enormous volatility of oil prices," says Seznec. Saudi Arabia plans "to continue the measures and the stimulus packages [agreed to in April]" according to finance minister Ibrahim Al-Assaf (TradeArabia). Regarding the debate on members' voting power, Saudi Arabia supports emerging nations' (Reuters) demand for better representation in the financial institutions, but not at "the expense of other emerging and developing countries," says Al-Assaf. "It should come from the share of developed countries that are overrepresented."
South Africa
South Africa, the G-20 summit's only delegate from Africa, is one of only two G-20 members that underwent a change of leadership since the April summit. CFR's John Campbell says South African President Jacob Zuma, who was elected on a populist platform, aimed at countering rising unemployment and a shrinking economy, will broadly seek additional funding from the IMF, World Bank, and regional development banks. At the conclusion of a September India-Brazil-South Africa (IBSA) ministerial, the three countries' foreign ministers reiterated IBSA members' roles as representatives for the underdeveloped Global South in the G-20 and as advocates for the reform of the international financial system. Zuma has made the successful conclusion of the Doha round of global trade talks "a priority," adds Campbell, "and that may also be a preoccupation of the South African delegation at Pittsburgh."
South Korea
President Lee Myung-bak , along with Australian Prime Minister Kevin Rudd, called on (FT) G-20 leaders to address challenges impeding further market stabilization. Lee and Rudd urged G-20 leaders to follow through on existing commitments, manage the "transition from crisis to recovery," and move "towards more balanced global growth." Disputes within the South Korean government over a possible rise in interest rates has led to a debate on when toimplement an exit strategy from the current expansionary policies taken to protect the economy. Finance Minister Yoon Jeung-hyun expressed his belief (Reuters) that "implementing an exit strategy alone and too early will weighdown the Korean economy." In an interview with Dow Jones, Yoon said he'd like to see international cooperation on creating global safety nets to lessen the burden that emerging economies face in preparing for external shocks.
Turkey
With Turkey's unemployment rate around 13 percent, some experts predict the country's leaders may use the summit to ask for economic support from their better-off counterparts, as they did at the April G-20 summit. Finance Minister Mehmet Simsek has called for assistance from the IMF in the past, but the IMF has yet to set a deadline (Reuters) in its loan accord talks with Ankara. Turkey is again expected to push for the establishment of anti-protectionist measures and international standards on coordinating further fiscal stimulus measures. More broadly, says Turkey expert Henri J. Barkey, Turkey will use the G-20 "to push for its international political agenda." Barkey says Ankara is in "an all out process of establishing itself as a global power" and views the G-20 as a place to advance its role in international politics and economics.
United States
Washington has indicated it will introduce a plan, titled "Framework for Sustainable and Balanced Growth," that calls for major changes in the economic policies of the United States, China, and EU states. The framework is not public yet but the Wall Street Journal reports that it will "involve measures such as the U.S. saving more and cutting its budget deficit, China relying on exports, and Europe making structural changes to boost business investment." Ahead of the summit, U.S. President Barack Obama also emphasized (Reuters) "the need to remain vigilant to avoid premature withdrawal of stimulus." CFR's Benn Steil says that the Obama administration is focused on getting banks to increase capital cushions by the end of 2010, but is "concerned about disadvantaging U.S. banks internationally - just as in the 1980s [when U.S. capital requirements were higher than those in other major countries]." Steil expects the United States to "push hard on Europe and Japan to match its moves." In an interview with the Financial Times, U.S. Treasury Secretary Timothy Geithner said the "most important thing we have to do internationally is a new capital accord." The United States has also been pushing to lower the number of seats on the IMF board and to shift five percentage points (WSJ) of ownership from traditional industrialized countries to developing countries such as China, India, and Brazil. On climate change, the United States is expected to press leaders to eliminate subsidies for fossilfuels and electricity.
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